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Unit 2 > POM > Flashcards

POM Flashcards

1
Q

steps of a physical exam

A

inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation

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2
Q

Symptoms of Dyspnea

A

cough, chest tightness and wheezing due to respiratory muscle stretch and tension issues with oxygen delivery

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3
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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4
Q

major differences between adult and pediatric patients exams

A

peds- least to most invasive

  • you are dealing with the entire family so parents notice and appreciate your efforts
  • *parents understand was is normal and what is unusual in terms of their children’s behavior
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5
Q

ways to distract: infants, older infants, toddlers, and school age kids

A

infants- shiny things that aren’t visually complex

older infants- calculator, cell phone, peek-a-boo (object permanence)

toddlers- simple conversations (siblings, TV shows)

school age kids- conversations about school, activities, instruments they may play

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6
Q

how to get a good exam from a kid

A

do not touch them right away, use the parents for help, observe!, give them options

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7
Q

important peds elements for HPI, PMH, SH

A

HPI- activity, hydration

PMH- full term, mom’s prenatal care, complications, neonatal support, vaginal/C-section

SH- day care/school, siblings, smoke exposure, immunizations

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8
Q

milestones of development

A

motor, social, language

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9
Q

neural development is based on:

A

myelination and pruning (babies have more connections but they are ineffective)

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10
Q

3 key things about peds

A
  1. not interacting normally with caregiver is a measure for concern
  2. little kids do not fake illness
  3. fast breaking is bad
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11
Q

Newborns

A

M- primitive reflexes, fixing gaze, flexed posture

S/L- cries to communicate

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12
Q

2 months

A

M- smiles, less flexed, can hold head up with help from shoulders

S/L- coos (musical long vowels), smiles

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13
Q

4 months

A

M- hands to midline, rolls front to back

S/L- laughs, stops crying at parent’s voice

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14
Q

6 months

A

M- sits, unilateral reach, raking grasp

S/L- oral exploration, babbles (repetitive constants, stranger anxiety

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15
Q

9 months

A

M- crawls, cruises, walks along furniture, claps

S/L- says mama and dada, object permanence

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16
Q

12 months

A

M- independent steps

S/L- understand much, says 2 words, jargoning with gestures

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17
Q

2 years

A

M- walks up stairs holding one hand, scribbles

S/L- 10 words, names body part
**accident prone

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18
Q

3 years

A

M- pedals tricycle, walks up stairs alternating feet

S/L- parallel play, knows age and sex

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19
Q

4 years

A

M- hops on one foot, uses scissors and climbs well

S/L- tells a story, goes to toiley alone
*assume responsibility for dressing

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20
Q

SOB at night could be due to:

A

heart failure, asthma, sleep apnea

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21
Q

orthopnea

A

needing to elevate (uncomfortable breathing when supine)

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22
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

waking up unable to breathe

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23
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

weakening of the heart making it harder to pump blood

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24
Q

causes of breathlessness

A

asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease

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25
causes of common cough
post nasal drip, asthma, the combination of the two, chronic bronchitis and gastroesophageal reflux
26
exsanguination
bleeding to death
27
pectus carniatum
pigeon chest
28
pectus ecavatum
funnel chest
29
causes of barrel chest
emphysema due to hyperinflation and thus airway collapses on inhalation due to the loss of certain structures
30
kyphosis
exaggerated curvature of the spine so chest loses space
31
scoliosis
lateral deviation of the spine which can cause restrictive lung disease
32
clubbed fingers
can indicate lung cancer and congenital heart diseases
33
Cheyne strokes
respiratory center problem with periods of increased depth and apnea (CO accumulation causes overshooting of breathing then CO gets too low and patient will stop breathing)
34
Kussmaul
rapid, deep and labored (compensate for metabolic acidosis)
35
ataxic
damage to respiratory center
36
tacile fremitus
palpable vibration fo the chest wall that results from speech or other verbalizations
37
resonant vs dull percussion
resonant- normal due to air and tissue dull-not normal indicating tumor, fluid *hyperresonant- too much air, asthma, emphysema
38
bronchial breath sounds
heard over the trachea and can mean abnormality if it is heard in another region
39
ABCDE
``` airway breathing circulation disability exposure ```
40
signs of wellness
no caregiver concerns about level of activity no changes in breathing patterns no changes in intake or output alter, interactive
41
difference between peds and adult arrests
peds- respiratory *kids compensate by working hard to breathe then tire out and fail adults- cardiac
42
lethargy
severe illness in children meaning abnormaly drowsy and unable to appropriately interact with their environment (inability to maintain alertness)
43
irritability
can be a sign of severe illness that means inconsolable
44
formula for normal systolic BP
70 + (2 x age)
45
why is a fever a problem in peds?
immune system is just developing and they are prone to overwhelming infections
46
HEADFIRST
``` home education abuse drugs safety friends image recreation sexuality threats ```
47
egophany
increased resonance of voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs due to fluid in lungs (enhanced transmission of sounds across fluid rather than air) E--> A
48
pectoriloquy
increased sound of whispered words when the lungs are heard through a stethoscope due to fluid (enhanced transmission of sounds through fluid as opposed to air)
49
how to distinguish between an effusion and consolidation
tactile fremitus would be increased over a consolidation and decreased over a pleural effusion * E to A changes in consolidation * percussion is dull with an effusion
50
asthma
SOB with exposure to strong odors, exercise or at night (triggers) *cough, chest tightness, wheezing
51
tests for asthma
PFTs (pulmonary function test and methacholine challenge test)
52
Acute, subacute and chronic classification of cough
acute- less than 3 weeks subacute- 3-8 weeks chronic- greater than 8 weeks
53
cough onsets (sudden and gradual)
sudden- upper airway infection (viral or bacterial) environmental exposure to irritants gradual- chronic infection like TB; chronic lung diseases like cancer
54
platypnea
SOB that worsens when sitting down but is relieved when laying down
55
normal breathing sounds (vesicular, bronchovesicular, bronchial)
vesicular- heard over most of the lung bronchovesicular- heard over the upper lung zones bronchial (tracheal)- heard over the trachea only
56
wheezing is indicative of:
asthma, interstitial edema
57
crackles are indicative of:
pulmonary edema, pneumonia
58
types of Dyspnea
``` on exertion at rest orthopnea PND (sudden onset of SOB) playpnea (SOB when upright) ```
59
CHF
congestive heart failure dyspnea, diaphoresis, juglar vein distesion, 3rd and 4th heart sounds (S3, S4), murmurs, peripheral edema **EKG or ECHO
60
COPD
dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, prolongation of expiration, intermittent wheezing and rhonchi **CXR, PFTs
61
what to inspect the abdomen for
masses, hernia, separation of muscles, skin characteristics, venous return patterns, symmetry, surface motion
62
when does a baby start to smile and laugh
smile- 2 months | laugh- 4 months
63
at what age does parallel play occur?
3 years
64
where obstetrics and gynecology come from
ob- midwifery | gyn- surgery
65
baby brain vs adult brain
baby brain is 25% of adult brain
66
efficient bipedalism
walking and running- requires hip joints to be close together
67
emmer and barley seeds
urinate on them everyday, if seeds germinate--> pregnant barley (yellow) first- male emmer (gray) first- female none grow- not pregnant
68
the Flexnor Report
standard protocol for medical education
69
episiotomy
delivery with forceps
70
meaning of "gyne" and "logica"
gyne- woman | logica- study
71
J. Marion Sims
performed experiments on slaves
72
gyn malignancies spread to
lymphatics | *gym malignancy spread can be determined by embryology

Unit 2 (3 decks)

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