Poop Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Concepts
A
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas and people
2
Q
Prototypes
A
Mental image or best example of a category
3
Q
Algorithm
A
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees that you will solve a problem
-less error prone
4
Q
Heuristic
A
Simple, fast and error prone.
-judgements
5
Q
Insight
A
Involves sudden realization of the solution or problem
- contrast with strategy based solutions
6
Q
Confirmation bias
A
Tendency to seek evidence for our ideas rather than against them
7
Q
Fixation
A
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
-obstacle to problem solving
8
Q
Intuition
A
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
9
Q
Quick thinking heuristic
A
A simple thinking strategy more error prone than algorithm
10
Q
Availability heuristics
A
Involves judging likelihood of event based on availability in memory. If event comes readily to mind then it must be common
11
Q
What do we fear
A
- We fear what out ancestral history has prepared us to fear
- what we cannot control
- what is immediate
- what is most readily available in memory
12
Q
What causes problems for problem solving
A
- more confident than correct(overconfidence)
- belief beyond evidence: belief perseverance when we cling to beliefs and ignore eveidence against it
- framing (10% die or 90% live)
13
Q
Divergent thinking
A
Expands number of possible solutions
(Creative thinking that diverges in diff directions)
MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
14
Q
Convergent thinking
A
Narrows available problem solutions to determine best solution
15
Q
Robert sternberg and five ingredients to creativity
A
- expertise
- imaginative thinking skills
- venturesome personality
- intrinsic motivation
- creative environment
16
Q
Ages and language (months)
A
- 4: babbles “ah-goo”
- 10: babbling Lang. “Mama”
- 12:one word “kitty”
- 24:two word “get ball”
- 24+: develop. Into sentences
17
Q
Chomsky and languages
A
- all langs share basic elements call basic grammar
- humans are born with predisposition to learn rules. No certain Lang.
- 700+ langs
18
Q
Critical period
A
Certain time best for child to master certain aspects of language.
19
Q
Broca area
A
Speaking words
Motor cortex
20
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
Hearing words
Auditory cortex- usually in left temporal lobe
21
Q
The brain and Lang.
A
- damage to any one of several areas can impair Lang.
- confirmed Brocas and Wernicke’s area during Lang. Processing
- brain divides functions into smaller tasks
22
Q
Thinking without language
A
- mental practice relies on thinking In images
- imagining a physical experience can have similar result
- mental rehearsal can aid in achievement of academic goals
23
Q
Other animals with language
A
- velvet monkeys sound alarms
- chimp was taught sign Lang. By garders
- chimps vocabulary simple
- some say humans only possess Lang. Not true
24
Q
Spear and general intelligence
A
- you’re either smart or you’re not
- mental abilities are like physical abilities
- involves distinct abilities
- Gardner and sternberg don’t agree
25
Gardeners 8 intelligences
| -evidence of multiple intelligences is found in ppl with savant syndrome
- naturalist
- linguistic:
- logical/mathematical
- musical
- spatial
- bodily/kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal :within you
26
Sternberg three intelligences
- analytical intelligence (school smarts)
- creative intelligence (trailblazing smarts: generate Novel idea)
- practical intelligence: street smart -everyday tasks
27
Emotional intelligence abilities
- perceiving emotions
- understanding emotions
- managing emotions
- using motions
28
Emotionally intelligent ppl
- socially aware and self award
- delay gratification for long term
- read and help others emotions
- perform jobs well
- successful in career marriage and parents. Academicly ppl fail here
29
Intelligence test
Method for assessing am individuals mental aptitudes
| and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
30
Aptitude tests
Test designed to predicts a persons future performance; aptitude is ability to learn
31
Achievement test
Designed to assess what a person has learned
32
Alfred Binet: predicting school achievement
- all child follow same course but not as same rate
| - measured children's mental age
33
Lewis termed: innate IQ
- adapted binets test for wider use
- names this Stanford-binets
- said intelligence tests reveal intelligence which person is born
34
William stern intelligence tests
Developed IQ formula
| -IQ no longer computer. Now average proformace of other same age is computer
35
David wechsler and intelligent test
Created the most by Lee use intelligent test today. It yields intelligent score in separate scores for verbal comprehension perceptual organization working memory and processing speed
36
Drive reduction theory
We have psychological need
- unmet needs creates drive
- that dive pushed one to reduce the need
37
Incentives
Environmental stimuli thag attract or repel depending on an individual learning histories
38
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
39
Psychological need
Basic bodily requirement
40
Homeostasis
Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state the regulation of any aspect of bodily chemistry
41
Arousal theory
Humans engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels
- hi arousal levels motivate engagement
- Low levels motivate activities that can increase arousal (curiosity)
42
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness and love
- esteem needs
- self actualization: full potential
43
Glucose
Sugar that circulates in the blood and provides major energy source triggers feeling of hunger When low
44
Hypothalamus and other brain structures
Arcuate nucleus: pumps appetite suppressing hormones
| -ghrelin: involves hunger arousing hormone secreted by empty stomach
45
Set point
Your setpoint of a weight till your weight thermostat
46
Basal metabolic rate
Bodies resting rate of energy output
47
Insulin
Hormone secreted by pancreas controls blood Glucose
48
Leptin
Protein hormone secreted by fat cells when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hungers
49
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering and communicating
50
Their survival value of fat
Hunger driven desire for energy rich fat or sugar has evolutionary roots
51
Suggestions for a good balancing act
Monitor your time, monitor your feelings, hide were distracting online friends, turn off handheld devices, don't go on social media, take a nature walk
52
Historic emotion theories
- jame Lang: arousal comes before emotion
| - cannon bard: arousal and emotion happen at the same time
53
Schacter singer two factor theory
Arousal plus label =emotion
54
Zajonc
Emotion and two track brain
55
Emotional component
Bodily arousal
| expressive behaviors conscious experiences
56
Basic emotions: Izard
10 basic emotions
57
Emotions and the autonomic nervous system
ANS mobilizes body for action with stress hormones from adrenaline glands sugar from liver into bloodstream increases heart rate and blood pressure and slow digestion.
when crisis passes ANS and hormones gradually leave blood stream
58
Gestures vary among cultures
Emotions are generally the same among all cultures
59
Facial feedback effect
Research demonstrates that outward expressions and movements can trigger innerfeelings and emotions
60
Behavioral feedback effect
This is similar to facial feedback where in behaving in certian ways awakens emotions
61
Stressors
Things that push our buttons
62
Stress reactions
From Alarm to exhaustion
63
Stress
Process of appraising an event as threatening or challenging and responding to it
64
Catastrophes
Unpleasant large-scale events
65
Cannon
Sympathetic nervous system
| - fight or flight response
66
Selye
General adaption syndrome( GAS)
67
Taylor: tend and befriend
Under stress people often provide support to others and bond and seek support from others
68
Coronary heart disease
Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle the leading cause of death in North America and many other countries
69
Lymphocytes
Two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system they fight infections and attack cancer cancer cells viruses and foreign substances
70
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive hard driving, impatient verbally aggressive and anger prone people
71
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easy-going relaxed people
72
Type D
Grande's term for people who suppressed negative emotion to avoid social disapproval
73
Peoples way of dealing with stress
- coping
- problem focused coping:change problem
- emotion focused coping: change way you feel about problem
74
Personal control
Involves two degree we perceive having control over our environment
75
Learned helplessness
Involves dramatic form of loss of control and may result in negative health consequences
76
External locus
A form of control that believe that chance or outside forces control their fate
77
Internal locus of control
Believe they have control over their own destiny they tend to achieve more
78
Pessimists
Expect things to go badly and blame others
79
Optimists
Expect to have control they work well under stress and enjoy good health optimism tends to run in families
80
What does social support help fight
It comes the cardiovascular system which lowers blood pressure and stress hormones and also fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning
81
Social support and ppl
Uchino: people supported by close relationships are less likely to die early
- Kaplan: people in low conflict marriges live longer and healthier lives than unmarried
- valiant: healthy Ageing is better protected by a good marriage than a low cholesterol level
82
Mindfulness meditation
Involves attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and excepting manner and improve many health measures
83
Resilience
Involves the process of bouncing back in the face of adversity or significant sources of stress
84
Feel good do good phenomenon
Suggest that when people feel happy they become more helpful and doing good promotes feeling good
85
Subjective well being
Includes feelings of happiness and sense of satisfaction with life
86
What are the three test of a good test
Was the test standardized is it reliable and is it valid
87
Twin and adoption studies
Identical twins have the same intelligence level. Paternal twins are less similar but more similar than other siblings
88
Extremes of intelligence
| Low and high
- low extreme: below score of 70. Difficulty adapting to like demands
- high extreme: score over 135. Healthy, well adjusted and successful academically
89
Cross sectional
Study in which people of different ages are compared with one study
90
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are we studied and retested overlong period
91
Deary and intelligence
It is good for you
92
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and WordPower test it increases as we age into our middle age
93
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly as when solving unfamiliar logic problems this decreases with age
94
Girls and intelligence
Outpace boys and spelling verbal fluency and looking objects there a better emotionally Detectors and are more sensitive to taste touch and color
95
Boys and intelligent
Outperform girls in test of spatial ability and complex math problems they bury in the mental ability scores more than girls do
96
Agreed-upon facts about racial and ethnic similarities
- racial and ethnic groups differ in their average intelligence scores.
- High-scoring people and groups are more likely to achieve high levels of education and income.
- Group differences provide poor basis for judging individuals
97
Stereotype threat
Involves a self confirming concerned that a judgment is based on negative stereotype
98
Goals for mental abilities test
Realize the benefits of testing, guard against misinterpretation, and remember the competent general intelligence test sample
99
Catastrophes
Unpleasant large-scale events
100
Cannon
Sympathetic nervous system
| - fight or flight response
101
Selye
General adaption syndrome( GAS)
102
Taylor: tend and befriend
Under stress people often provide support to others and bond and seek support from others
103
Coronary heart disease
Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle the leading cause of death in North America and many other countries
104
Lymphocytes
Two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system they fight infections and attack cancer cancer cells viruses and foreign substances
105
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive hard driving, impatient verbally aggressive and anger prone people
106
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easy-going relaxed people
107
Type D
Grande's term for people who suppressed negative emotion to avoid social disapproval
108
Peoples way of dealing with stress
- coping
- problem focused coping:change problem
- emotion focused coping: change way you feel about problem
109
Personal control
Involves two degree we perceive having control over our environment
110
Learned helplessness
Involves dramatic form of loss of control and may result in negative health consequences
111
External locus
A form of control that believe that chance or outside forces control their fate
112
Internal locus of control
Believe they have control over their own destiny they tend to achieve more
113
Pessimists
Expect things to go badly and blame others
114
Optimists
Expect to have control they work well under stress and enjoy good health optimism tends to run in families
115
What does social support help fight
It comes the cardiovascular system which lowers blood pressure and stress hormones and also fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning
116
Social support and ppl
Uchino: people supported by close relationships are less likely to die early
- Kaplan: people in low conflict marriges live longer and healthier lives than unmarried
- valiant: healthy Ageing is better protected by a good marriage than a low cholesterol level
117
Mindfulness meditation
Involves attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and excepting manner and improve many health measures
118
Resilience
Involves the process of bouncing back in the face of adversity or significant sources of stress
119
Feel good do good phenomenon
Suggest that when people feel happy they become more helpful and doing good promotes feeling good
120
Subjective well being
Includes feelings of happiness and sense of satisfaction with life
121
What are the three test of a good test
Was the test standardized is it reliable and is it valid
122
Twin and adoption studies
Identical twins have the same intelligence level. Paternal twins are less similar but more similar than other siblings
123
Extremes of intelligence
| Low and high
- low extreme: below score of 70. Difficulty adapting to like demands
- high extreme: score over 135. Healthy, well adjusted and successful academically
124
Cross sectional
Study in which people of different ages are compared with one study
125
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are we studied and retested overlong period
126
Deary and intelligence
It is good for you
127
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and WordPower test it increases as we age into our middle age
128
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly as when solving unfamiliar logic problems this decreases with age
129
Girls and intelligence
Outpace boys and spelling verbal fluency and looking objects there a better emotionally Detectors and are more sensitive to taste touch and color
130
Boys and intelligent
Outperform girls in test of spatial ability and complex math problems they bury in the mental ability scores more than girls do
131
Agreed-upon facts about racial and ethnic similarities
- racial and ethnic groups differ in their average intelligence scores.
- High-scoring people and groups are more likely to achieve high levels of education and income.
- Group differences provide poor basis for judging individuals
132
Stereotype threat
Involves a self confirming concerned that a judgment is based on negative stereotype
133
Goals for mental abilities test
Realize the benefits of testing, guard against misinterpretation, and remember the competent general intelligence test sample
