POPULATION

Question 1

Population Ecology

Answer 1

Studies the dynamic of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment

Question 2

Demography

Answer 2

The study of the vital statistic of a population and how they change over time.

Question 3

Demography studies

Answer 3

Population size, population distribution, Age structure, population growth patterns, population reproductive strategies

Question 4

What effects population size

Answer 4

Birth, Death, immigration, emigration

Question 5

Count all the individuals

Answer 5

Direct count

Question 6

Individuals are counted within a sample area and extrapolated to a larger area

Answer 6

Quadrat method

Question 7

3 types of population distribution

Answer 7

Clumped , uniform, and random

Question 8

Pros for clumped distribution

Answer 8

1 increases protection from predators 2 increases chances of meeting 3 decreases workload per individual

Question 9

Population density

Answer 9

The number of individuals in a population particular area or volume

Question 10

Density dependent limiting factors

Answer 10

Biotic factors like disease

Question 11

Density independent factors

Answer 11

abiotic factors like weather

Question 12

Age structure

Answer 12

A summary of the number of individuals of each age in a population

Question 13

Populations that are made up of mostly elderly people are expected to…

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

populations that are made up of mostly young people are expected to…

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

Can a population increase its size indefinitely?

Answer 15

no, it will eventually run out of space and or resources (limiting factors)

Question 16

What variable is the intrinsic rate of increase?

Answer 16

r

Question 17

what is the intrinsic rate of increase?

Answer 17

The rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources (maximum growth rate biologically possible)

Question 18

what variable is carrying capacity?

Answer 18

K

Question 19

what is carrying capacity?

Answer 19

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without degrading the habitat

Question 20

the limiting factors (environmental resistance) that determine K?

Answer 20

food availability, space, oxygen content, nutrient availability, soil profile, amount of sunlight

Question 21

Limiting factors/environmental resistance of density independent?

Answer 21

hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, flood, habitat destruction

Question 22

limiting factors/environmental resistance of density dependent factors?

Answer 22

competition for resources, predation, disease, behavior, reproductive capacity

Question 23

overshoot

Answer 23

a temporary exceeding of carrying capacity

Question 24

members of populations which exceed their resources will die unless…

Answer 24

they adapt or move to an area with more resources

Question 25

Describe stable population growth curve

Answer 25

fluctuating slightly above and below carrying capacity

Question 26

Describe an Irruptive population growth curve

Answer 26

population explodes and then crash to a more stable level it can happen repeatedly but not in a regular or predictable cycle

Question 27

Describe an cyclic population growth curve

Answer 27

populations fluctuate and regular cyclic are boom and bust cycles

Question 28

Describe an irregular population growth curve

Answer 28

erratic changes possibly due to chaos or drastic change due to external influences on the population such as climate change

Question 29

Describe r selected species

Answer 29

large number of smaller offspring with little parental care - known as opportunities

Question 30

Describe k selected species

Answer 30

Fewer, larger offspring with higher invested parental care- | Known as competitors

Question 31

Visually shows the reproductive strategy of the species

Answer 31

Survivorship Curves-

Question 32

Survivorship Curve I

Answer 32

Late loss populations – most individuals die at old age | age structure has equal numbers of old and young

Question 33

Survivorship Curve II

Answer 33

Constant loss populations – individuals are equally likely to die at any age

Question 34

Survivorship Curve III

Answer 34

Early loss populations - most individuals die at a very young age Age structure is made up almost entirely of young

Question 35

Total fertility rate

Answer 35

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

Question 36

Replacement Level Fertility-

Answer 36

Average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

Question 37

Doubling Time-

Answer 37

Predicted number of years for a population to double

Question 38

To find the doubling time of a population growing at a constant rate, follow the formula:

Answer 38

Doubling time = 70/% growth

Question 39

formula for % growth

Answer 39

% growth = (crude birth rate – crude death rate)/10

Question 40

POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE-

Answer 40

The number of people in young, middle, and older age categories

Question 41

Prereproductive ages

Answer 41

(0-14) – greatest predictor of future population growth

Question 42

Reproductive ages

Answer 42

(15-44)

Question 43

Postreproductive ages

Answer 43

(45 and older) – fastest growing age group

Question 44

A population that is made up of mostly older people will…

Answer 44

decline

Question 45

slow decline is _______ where as rapid decline is ________.

Answer 45

manageable, problematic

Question 46

Demographic Transition-

Answer 46

As countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline

Question 47

Preindustrial stage:

Answer 47

little population growth due to high infant mortality and high overall death rates

Question 48

Transitional stage:

Answer 48

industrialization begins, death rates drops but birth rates remain high

Question 49

Industrial stage:

Answer 49

birth rate drops and approaches death rate

Question 50

Postindustrial stage:

Answer 50

birth rates drop to or below death rates and population stabilizes or even shrinks

Question 51

ways to Slow Population Growth-

Answer 51

1. Invest in family planning Family planning in less-developed countries is responsible for a 55% drop in TFRs 2. Reduce poverty – high infant and overall death rates associated with poverty are big predictors of birth rates 3. Elevate the status of women - Women tend to have fewer children if they are: Educated. Hold a paying job outside the home. Do not have their human rights suppressed

Question 52

Impacts of Human Population Growth-

Answer 52

We have used technology to alter much of the rest of nature in ways that threaten the survival of many other species and could reduce the quality of life for our own species. As the human population grows, so does the global total human ecological footprint Cultural carrying capacity Total number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations

Question 53

#1

Answer 53

The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits Increasing use of resources per person expands our ecological footprint and puts a strain on the earth’s resources

Question 54

#2

Answer 54

We can slow population growth by reducing poverty through economic development, elevating the status of women, and encouraging family planning

Question 55

#3

Answer 55

When the world’s people are not impoverished, do not have their rights suppressed, and have access to education, population growth slows.

Question 56

#4

Answer 56

When population growth slows, we can slow down environmental degradation. When poverty is diminished, many of the world’s people will have the luxury to consider environmental problems