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Population Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

age-sex distribution

A

The proportion of individuals of different ages and genders within a population

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2
Q

agricultural revolutions

A

The development of farming (neo-litical)

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3
Q

anti-natalist population policies

A

Policies put forth by a nation that encourage a reduction in reproduction (restrictive policy)

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4
Q

arable

A

Land suitable for growing crops

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5
Q

baby boom v. baby bust

A

Boom: people born during post WWII (1946-1964) Bust: declines in birth rates due to war or recession

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6
Q

carrying capacity

A

The limit on the population by the resources a country has (i.e. the verdict on whether the country has enough resources to carry the population)

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7
Q

census

A

A complete enumeration of a population

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8
Q

child mortality rate (CMR)

A

Number of children under the age of 5 that die per 1,000 children in the nation

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9
Q

cohort

A

A group based on age

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10
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

Number of births per every 1,000 people in the nation

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11
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

Number of deaths per every 1,000 people in the nation

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12
Q

demographic equation

A

The combination of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration that contribute to high or low population growth. Population at present = initial population + births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants

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13
Q

demographic momentum (hidden momentum)

A

Continued population growth in surges due to the large number of females that will move through the childbearing years and produce another large group of youth

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14
Q

demographic regions

A

Regions grouped together by the stage of the DTM that most countries in the region are in

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15
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)

A

A model used to explain and predict population. Based on the assumption that all countries pass through four stages, Stage 1 countries have a high death rate, a high birth rate, and a low total population; Stage 2 countries have a high birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 3 countries have a quickly declining birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 4 countries have a low birth rate, low death rate, and high/increasing total population; and the hypothetical Stage 5 includes a stabilizing population with a low death rate and an even lower birth rate

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16
Q

demography

A

The study of human populations

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17
Q

dependency rate

A

A number that compares the number of dependents with the number of people in the workforce

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18
Q

doubling time

A

The time it takes a population to double in size. The higher the NIR, the quicker the doubling rate.

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19
Q

ecumene

A

The phenomenon that 75% of the world’s population is distributed on 5% of the Earth’s surface

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20
Q

endemic

A

A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

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21
Q

epicenter

A

A focal point of activity or disease

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22
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

A DTM for death at each stage (Stage 1, famine and infectious disease; Stage 2, epidemic diseases and overcrowding; Stage 3 and 4, human created diseases and diseases of the elderly

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23
Q

epidemiology

A

The spread of diseases through large populations

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24
Q

ethnicity

A

A socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common experience

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25
eugenics
The study of the biology of different races/ethnicities
26
exponential growth (geometric rate)
A fast rate of growth of people because the number is multiplying
27
female infanticide
The trend of murdering female babies in countries where anti-natalist policies are put forth.
28
gendered space
Specific areas set apart for each gender
29
general fertility rate (GFR)
The birth rate of women of childbearing age. The births to women less than 15 or more than 44 years of age are included, but the women themselves (population) for those ages are not.
30
generation X
The generation born after the baby boom ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s
31
graying population
A country with a large percentage of people over the age of 65
32
HIV/AIDS
A pandemic and epidemic disease with an epicenter in Africa. An immunodeficiency virus/syndrome
33
Industrial Revolution
The transition to new manufacturing processes that signifies change from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of the DTM
34
infant mortality rate (IMR)
Number of deaths of infants in one year per 1,000 live births
35
j-curve
The shape of a line graph of the population graph when the growth is exponential
36
life expectancy
The average number of years an infant can be expected to live
37
linear growth (arithmetic rate)
A slower growth of food because land use is increasing; using addition
38
maladaptation
An adaptation that is less helpful than harmful and an adaptation that has become a hinderance
39
maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Number of mothers that die in childbirth per 1,000 births
40
medical revolution
The leap of medical knowledge in Stage 2 of the DTM
41
mortality
The rate at which people die
42
natality rate
Number of live births per 1,000 births
43
natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage of a growth for a population in a year. (CBR-CDR)/10 = percent of growth. This measurement does not include migration. Currently, the NIR is 1.3%
44
Neo-Malthusian
Accepted the basic tenants of Mathus' theories but focused more on regional growth rather than international
45
One Child Policy
China's policy in which each set of parents can only have one child, but the policy has been relaxed recently.
46
overpopulation
A state in which the country does not have enough resources to sustain the population
47
physiological density
The ratio of the people supported by land per amount of land area
48
population composition/population pyramid
A bar graph used to display the age and gender distributions in a population that is broken into percentages of each gender and age group
49
population distribution
A not uniform map of where populations occur; 75% of the population is on 5% of the Earth's surface, while 90% of the population lives north of the equator, half of the population in rural areas, half of the population in urban areas
50
population explosion
The fact that the population is growing faster than any other time in history
51
population geography (geodemography)
The study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.
52
population projection
An estimation of future population growth by extrapolating from current trends and known growth factors
53
pro-natalist population policy (expansive population policy)
Policies put forth by a nation to promote an increase in production, mostly in agricultural areas
54
race
A social concept used to categorize humans into populations by social, cultural, or ethnic affiliation
55
replacement level fertility
A state in which the population has reached a total fertility rate of over 2. In other words, the two children will replace the two children, sustaining the population
56
s-curve
A curve that depicts logistic growth, or the population growth represented on the DTM
57
sex ratio
Number of men per every 100 females
58
standard of living
The goods and services and their distribution within a population
59
stationary population level
The level at which a national population ceases to grow
60
sustainability
The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
61
Thomas Malthus
Man who believed that the population was growing much faster than food could sustain it
62
total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years (or fecundity)
63
underpopulation
A drop or decrease in a region's population
64
United Nations Growth Scenarios
Growth scenarios to create population predictions of the world, hypothesizing about possible low, high, and medium growth. Medium growth is the most accepted scenario
65
United Nations Population Conferences
Each decade the UN holds a conference and makes suggestions for international improvements (teaching contraception, suggesting one-child policies, suggesting economic equality between men and women)
66
zero population growth (ZPG)
A state in which the population fails to meet a total fertility rate of 2, not accounting for migration, which assumes that as each family has less than two children, the population will decline.

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