Population Flashcards
(112 cards)
0
Q
Define crude birth rate
A
A measure of an areas fertility. Expressed as no. Of live births per 1,000 people per year.
1
Q
Define population change
A
The change made up of 3 components- fertility, mortality and migration. This change alters as a consequence of natural growth rate and migration.
2
Q
Define fertility rate
A
No. Of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49 in one year. Also can be defined as no of children each woman in a population can bear.
3
Q
Define crude death rate
A
No of deaths per 1000 people per year.
4
Q
Define infant mortality rate
A
No of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed per 1000 live births per year.
5
Q
Define life expectancy
A
Average number of years from birth that a person is expected to live.
6
Q
Define annual growth rate
A
Change in the population size causes by interrelationship between birth and death rates. If birth rate exceeds death rate a population will increase.
7
Q
Define population explosion
A
Sudden very rapid rise in the growth of the population.
8
Q
Define exponential growth
A
Also known as geometric growth. Means that population doubles each time it grows. Eg 1,2,4,8.
9
Q
What is the population density?
A
The average number of people per square kilometre.
10
Q
What does population density tell us?
A
It shows whether an area is sparsely or densely populated.
11
Q
What is the calculation of population density?
A
Total population / total land area in km2
12
Q
What is population density determined by?
A
Environmental factors - area more or less attractive to settlers.
13
Q
What affect the spread of people across the world?
A
Environmental and human factors
14
Q
What factors attract settlement?
A
Temperate climate Low lying flat, fertile land Good supplies of natural sources Good economy Jobs Safe
15
Q
What factors discourage settlement?
A
Extreme climates- deserts Highland and mountainous areas Dense vegetation - amazon rainforest Political war Lack of jobs
16
Q
How and why do population numbers change over time?
A
Births
Deaths
Migration
17
Q
Are global population levels rising or dying?
A
Rising rapidly
18
Q
What do population pyramids show?
A
They show the structure of a population by comparing relative numbers of people in different age groups.
19
Q
What does the DTM stand for?
A
Demographic transition model
20
Q
What is the DTM?
A
It’s a model of the way that population growth can be divided into a few stages as birth and death rates change over time.
21
Q
What are the two things that control population growth?
A
Crude birth rate
Death rate
22
Q
Why it is more difficult to reduce birth rates in LEDCS?
A
Not educated about birth control
Religion prohibits birth control
Want to bring in more income , so have more children.
Lots of babies die , so they keep having to have children.
23
Q
How is the birth and death rate expressed?
A
Number of live deaths/ births per 1000 of the population per year.
24
Birth and death rates are an example of what?
Natural causes of population change
25
How do you calculate the natural increase?
Birth rate - death rate
26
MEDCS have what?
Low population growth rates
Low death rates
Low birth rates
27
Fill in the gap:
| A population will decline if the death rate is __________ than the birth rate.
Greater
28
Fill in the gap:
| A population will increase if the death rate is __________ than the birth rate.
Less
29
In LEDCS what is helping death rates fall?
Improving healthcare
30
What are the birth and death rates like in LEDCS?
High
31
For example if the birth rate of a country is 9/1000 and the death rate is 14/1000 , is the population declining or increasing?
Declining as the birth rate is less than the death rate.
32
Define balanced in terms of population
When birth rates equal death rates.
33
What does the DTM show?
The population change over time.
34
How many stages are there in the DTM?
5
35
Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 1
Total population low
| Balanced due to high birth and death rates
36
Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 2
Total population rises as death rates fall due to improved health care.
Birth rates still high
37
Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 3
Total population rising rapidly
Gap between birth and death rate narrows due to contraception and less children needed for farming- machinery
Natural increase is high
38
Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 4
Total population is high
Balanced low death and birth rates
Birth control widely available - desire for smaller families
39
Give a brief outline of what happens in stage 5
Total population high
Continued desire for small families
People having children later in life.
40
Where abouts are MEDCS and LEDCS in the DTM?
LEDCS- stage 2/3
| MEDCs - stage 4/5
41
What happens to the gap between the birth and death rate in the DTM ?
The gap first widens then narrow.
42
What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 2 of the DTM?
They diverge - move away from each other
43
What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 3 of the DTM?
They converge- move towards each other.
44
What happens to the birth rate and death rate in stage 4 of the DTM?
The birth and death rates are balanced again but at a much lower level.
45
Define population structure
The composition or makeup of a population
46
How is population structure usually shown?
Using a population pyramid
47
What can a population pyramid be drawn up for?
```
Cities
Villages
Towns
Continents
Country
```
48
What can a population pyramid tell us?
How many dependants there are
49
What's the difference between young and elderly dependants ?
Young dependants - under 15
| Elderly dependants - over 65
50
What do the dependants rely upon for economic support?
The economically active
51
Many LEDCS have a high number of .... Dependants?
Young
52
Many MEDCs have a high number of .... Dependants?
Elderly
53
A population pyramid that is very triangular shows that what?
It's got a high number of young dependants
| Low life expectancy - poor health care
54
A population pyramid that has fairly straight sides shows what?
Falling birth rate
| Rising life expectancy
55
What do places with ageing population and low birth rates have as a pyramid?
Upside down pyramid
56
In 2025 there could be how many people on the planet?
8.5 billion
57
Rate of population growth is higher where?
LEDCS
58
In LEDCS what is their population issue?
Managing a rapid population growth.
59
What's MEDCs population issue?
Slowing down growth
| And controlling the ageing population
60
Give five causes of population growth in LEDCS
1. Limited access to family planning services and education about contraception. Or not religiously acceptable.
2. Children are a valuable source of labours and income for a family. They can work on the land from a young age and earn money in other jobs.
3. Children can help to take care of older family members
4. High rates of infant mortality mean that women have more children.
5. May be traditional to have a large family.
61
What are the problems with a youthful population?
Young children need health care
| They need to be educated
62
In what year was the one child policy put up?
1979
63
What were the benefits received if you only have one child?
Education for all
| Child care and healthcare
64
What is the biggest issue with the china one child policy?
Females ended up homeless or killed or aborted
| And men outnumber women by more than 60 million.
65
What is the most recent problem for china?
Falling birth rate, so increase of elderly dependants - ageing population
66
The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising due to?
Improved health care and medicine
Improved leisure and activities
Improved knowledge about exercise and balanced diets
Improved living standards and quality of life
67
In the near future what may happen to an aged population?
Lack of fewer economically active people to support elderly population
68
To balance out the ageing population what are some countries adopting?
A pro- natalist policy by which they encourage people to have children by offering them benefits such as childcare and maternity leave pay.
69
What is being done about an ageing population in the UK?
People are encouraged to save for their retirement
| Economically active skilled being encouraged
70
Name a place that has a high population density
Osaka bay- Honshu Island
71
Where is Osaka bay situated?
South Western Coast of Japan.
72
What is Osaka bay's population density?
Over 2000 people per square kilometre.
73
Why is it good that Osaka bay is on a coastline?
It makes it easy and cheaper to import sea raw materials such as oil and iron ore.
And to export goods to industrialised markets
74
Describe the climate of Osaka bay and why it's good
It's sheltered from strong winds
| Has deep water channels to allow bulk carries and containers ships to of load raw materials and export goods.
75
What is the land like in Osaka bay?
Flat near coast
76
Why is it good that the land is flat in Osaka bay?
Easy to build large scale industries such as oil refiners, steel works and manufacturing plants with provide employment opportunities.
77
What famous company is situated in Osaka bay?
Panasonic
78
What transport do they have in Osaka bay?
Good road and railway networks
79
What have mainly persuaded the people of Osaka to live there?
The employment opportunities
80
What are the main populated cities in Osaka bay?
Kobe and Osaka
81
Because there is only a limited amount of flat land, what do people do and why is this bad?
They have to be housed in high rise apartment blocks which can create an even higher population density.
82
Where is there a low population density?
Japanese alps- Honshu Island
83
Where abouts are the mountains of the Japanese alps found?
In the centre of Honshu Island.
84
What is the population density of the Japanese alps?
Below 100 people per square kilometre.
85
What are the floors like in the hakuba valley that intersect the mountains?
Very narrow valley floor
86
Why is it bad there's not enough flat land in Japanese alps?
Can't grow crops
| Can't Build large settlements
87
What is the climate like in Japanese alps?
Extreme climate- high altitude of between 2000-3000 metres produced temperatures 1degree winter and max 10 degree summer. More than 2000mm rainfall.
88
How much rainfall do the Japanese alps have per year?
2000mm
89
What is the temperature in winter and summer in Japanese alps?
Winter - 1°C
| Summer- Max 10°C
90
In the Japanese due to the low temperatures and thin soils which are acidic and infertile what does this mean?
Few crops can be grown
| Therefore only small population can be supported
91
What are the soils like in the Japanese alps?
Thin
Infertile
Acidic
92
What are the areas like in the mountainous regions in Japanese alps?
And why is this not good
They're isolated and covered in forests divided by steep valleys and fast flowing rivers
Makes communication and transport difficult and expensive
93
What percentages of nigers population relies on agriculture for a living?
90%
94
Describe the ecosystems found in Niger
Desert areas hot and dry
95
Define subsistence farming
Means of supporting life by being able to meet ones own basic needs of food, water and shelter
96
Define sedentary farming
Farmers who are settled in one particular place
97
Define nomadic farmers
Farmers who move place seasonally to find good land for pasture
98
Give economic reasons as to why birth rates are high in niger
Majority of nigers population are subsistence who need children to work on land.
Limited availability of contraception
99
Give cultural reasons as to why birth rates are high in niger
Women marry early -14 better chance of having large family
Men are allowed more than one wife
Families have children to look after them in old age
100
Why else are the birth rates high In niger?
Infant mortality rates are high
101
What country is facing low population growth? And why
Russia
High death rates- alcohol, heart disease
Low birth rates- prefer career to children, small families
Migration to other places
102
What country is facing with an ageing population and why? Give impacts
Uk
Life expectancy increasing
Less people want big families
Increased taxes, youth working hours increases
103
What is underpopulation?
If the number of people living in an area is less than needed to make full use of the resources available.
104
How many people live in Australia?
20 million - similar size to USA (30m)
105
What country is facing underpopulation?
Australia
106
What problems to underpopulation cause?
```
Shortage workers
Tax increase
Hard to defend country
Less development
Public transport stop
Schools closing
```
107
Name a country that faces overpopulation
Zinder province of Niger
108
What are the problems of overpopulation?
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Food shortages
Low income
Malnutrition
Lack of clean water
Lack of health care
No education
```
109
What country is facing internal migration?
Cairo
110
What makes people want to migrate?
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Quality of education is low
No access to healthcare
Not enough income
High pop growth
Low pay
```
111
Why do people want to go to another country what does it benefit them?
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Health facilities are better
Many unskilled construction jobs
Higher pay
Better education
Sewage systems are better
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