Population And Community Dynamics Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

What is gene pool?

A

Sum (addition) of all alleles for all the genes in a population

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2
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

Rate of occurrence of a particular allele (SINGULAR LETTER) in a population, with respect to a particular gene

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3
Q

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg Conditions?

A
  1. The population is large enough that chance events will not alter allele frequencies
  2. ages are chosen at random
  3. There are no net mutations (passed on)
  4. There is no migration
  5. No natural selection occurring
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4
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

p (dominant allele) + q (recessive allele) = 1.00

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5
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

A

p^2 (homozygous dom) + 2pq (heterozygous) + q^2 (homozygous recessive) = 1.00

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6
Q

Whose genotype do you always know?

A

Homozygous recessive
Unless question gives dominant allele (p)

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7
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Degree of variation within a species or population

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8
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle represent?

A

Represents an ideal situation that rarely occurs in natural populations

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9
Q

What are six processes that cause changes in gene pools?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Gene Flow
  3. Non random mating
  4. genetic drift
  5. The founder effect
  6. The bottleneck effect
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10
Q

What is mutation?

A

A change that occurs in the DNA of an individual however only inheritable mutations diversify a gene pool and can provide selective advantage in changing environments

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11
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Net movement of allele from one population to another due to the migration of individuals

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12
Q

What is non random mating?

A

When individuals choose their mates based on physical and behavioural traits, not randomly

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13
Q

What is genetic drift

A

A change in allele frequencies due to chance events in a small breeding population

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14
Q

What is the founder effect

A

The gene pool change that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population

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15
Q

What is the bottleneck effect

A

Gene pool change that results in rapid decrease in population size

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16
Q

what is population density

A

number of individuals in a given area or volume

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17
Q

how to calculate population density

A

D=N/A or D=N/V
D= density
N= number of indivs
A= area
V= volume

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18
Q

three different distribution patterns with examples:

A

random: caribou moose elk
clumped: humans
uniform: farmland, birds of prey

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19
Q

what are factors that affect population size?

A

INCREASING FACTORS: natality (birth), immigration (moving into area)
DECREASING FACTORS: mortality (death), emigration (moving out of area)

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20
Q

what is growth rate?

A

change in number of individuals in a population over a period of time

21
Q

how to calculate growth rate?

A

gr = ⃤N/ ⃤T
gr: growth rate

⃤N: change in number of indivs

⃤T: change in time

22
Q

what is growth rate based on per capita?

A

change in number of indivs in a population per individual of the original population

23
Q

how to calculate per capita population growth rate?

A

cgr = ⃤ N / N
cgr: capita growth rate

⃤. N: change in number of indivs

N: INITIAL number of indivs

24
Q

what are ABIOTIC factors affecting growth

A

air, water, light, wind, soil, pH, temperature, salinity, humidity, inorganic nutrients

25
what are BIOTIC factors affecting population growth
competition, predation, symbiosis, disease agents
26
what is biotic potential (r)
highest possible per capita growth rate for a population growth given unlimited resources and ideal living conditions
27
what are factors that determine biotic potential (r)
# of offspring per repro cycle # of offspring that survive long enough to repro age of reproductive maturity life span of indivs/ number of times indivs repro in a life span
28
what does a J-shaped curve on a graph represent?
a population growing at its biotic potential, growing EXPONENTIALLY
29
what is lag phase?
slow growth due to small population size
30
what is carrying capacity (k)
max population size environment can sustain
31
what does a S-shaped curve represent
limiting factors slowing growth rate as a population increases, following a LOGISTIC GROWTH PATTERN
32
two types of limiting factors
density-independent (abiotic): floods, fires density-dependent (biotic): limited resources like food or space
33
what are two types of life strategies
r-selected strategies: designed to take advantage of favourable conditions k-selected strategies: designed to take advantage of stable environmental conditions
34
characteristics of r-selected populations?
- short life span - reproduce at an early age - produce large numbers of offspring - provide little or no parental care
35
characteristics of k-selected populations
- few offspring per repro cycle - one or both parents caring for offspring - offspring takes relatively long time to mature/reach reproductive size - large body size
36
what is an ecological community?
an association of interacting populations that inhabit a defined area
37
what are population dynamics?
changes that occur in populations over time
38
what is intraspecific competition
competition for limited resources between members of the same species
39
what is interspecific competition?
competition between members of different species in the same community
40
what is symbiosis?
direct or close relationship between individuals of different species
41
what are three types of symbiotic relationships?
mutualism: both partners benefit from relationship (bee and flower) commensalism: one partner benefits, the other neither benefits or get harmed (bird making nest in tree) parasitism: one partner benefits, other gets harmed (mosquito and human)
42
what is succession
slow, orderly, progressive replacement of one community by another during development of vegetation in an area
43
what is primary succession?
development of a community in an area that is previously barren (no soil present)
44
what is pioneer community?
first species to colonize an area and initiate succession
45
what is climax community?
the latecomers in process of succession, remains relatively stable unless major environmental changes occur
46
what is secondary succession
development of a community following an ecological disturbance
47
what is sustainability?
concept of living in a way that meets our needs without compromising the health of future generations
48
what is the seventh generation principle
based on an ancient Haudenosaunee philosophy that the decisions we make today should result in sustainable world seven generations into the future