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Geography > Population And Environment > Flashcards

Population And Environment Flashcards

1
Q

How does climate affect population density?

A

Temperature climates are more favourable to live in,
certain types of agriculture require different climates,
Extreme climates can’t support human life

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2
Q

How does soil affect population density?

A

Soil will affect the amount of and variety of crops that can be grown

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3
Q

How will topography affect the population density?

A

Mountainous areas are hard to build on

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4
Q

How will hazards affect the population density?

A

People are less likely to move into areas that have a hazard risk,
Old cities were built without knowledge of plate tectonics,
Hazard areas can be cheaper to live in

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5
Q

Stage 1 of DTM

A

High birth rate,
High infant mortality,
High death rate,
Lack of healthcare and poor hygiene

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6
Q

Stage 2 of DTM

A

High birth rate,
Low death rate,
More healthcare and hygiene

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7
Q

Stage 3 of DTM

A

Lower birth rate,
Death rate continues to fall,
Socio economic development

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8
Q

Stage 4 of DTM

A

Low birth rate and death rate,
Population levels are still high

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9
Q

Stage 5 of DTM

A

Birth rates fall even lower (different life aspirations)
Death rate evens/ increases due to an ageing population

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10
Q

Advantages of the DTM

A

Provides insight to when a country’s population has changed,
There is no time limit,
Easy to understand,
Simple to draw conclusions

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11
Q

Disadvantages of the DTM

A

Some countries don’t let the population naturally change,
Knowledge of disease prevention has improved,
Model presumes countries won’t regress,
Outside impacts on population change (migration)
Doesn’t show impact on the natural environment

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12
Q

Definition of overpopulation

A

When there are too many people living in an area relative to the amount of resources and technology available locally to maintain a high standard of living
Catergorised by low per capita income, high unemployment and outward migration

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13
Q

Definition of underpopulation

A

This occurs when there is too little people in an area to use the resources and technology effectively
An increase in population would mean the resources are more effectively used and the standard of living improves

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14
Q

Definition of optimum population

A

The theoretical population which, working with all the available resources, will produce the highest standard of living for the people of the area
This concept is dynamic; when technology improves and more resources become available which means more people can be supported

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15
Q

Why are the Andes and the Himalayas sparsely populated?

A

Rugged mountains and low temperatures

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16
Q

Why is Iceland sparsely populated?

A

Active volcano

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17
Q

Why is Northern Canada and Russia sparsely populated?

A

Too cold to support large amounts of crops/vegetation

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18
Q

Why are The Netherlands and Bangladesh densely populated?

A

Flat, lowland areas are easy to grow/build onto

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19
Q

Why are the Ganges densely populated?

A

Highly fertile soil

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20
Q

Why is North West Europe densely populated?

A

Areas of reliable rainfall, lots of water

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21
Q

Definition of food security

A

When people have enough affordable and nutritious food to eat

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22
Q

What % must food supply increase by in order to meet the demand by 2030

A

50%

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23
Q

How much arable land on Earth has been lost in the last 40 years?

A

A third

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24
Q

What continent does most of the worlds food come from?

A

Asia

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25
Q

Which countries are the largest producers of meat and fish?

A

China and India

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26
Q

Definition of double burden of malnutrition

A

High income countries consume more processed foods (more disposable income) which makes people fat but does not give them a nutrient rich diet
In low income countries a lack of calories and nutrients (lack of money for any food) causes starvation and malnutrition

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27
Q

Physical inputs of an agricultural system

A

Climate, rain, length of growth season, temperature, relief, soils and drainage

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28
Q

Human inputs in agricultural systems

A

Labour, rent, transport, machinery, fertiliser, seed, buildings, energy and market demand

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29
Q

Processes in an agricultural system

A

Jobs on the farm, ploughing, weeding, harvesting

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30
Q

Positive outputs of an agricultural system

A

Products, crops, animals and animal products (milk, wool, meat)

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31
Q

Negative outputs of an agricultural system

A

Pollution, soil erosion, eutrification, unused products

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32
Q

How are the outputs of an agricultural system used in LICs?

A

Consumed by the farmers and their family

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33
Q

How are the outputs of an agricultural system used in HICs?

A

Output profit reinvested into improvements for the farm, generally to make it more efficent

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34
Q

Physical changes to the agricultural system

A

Floods, disease (eg, foot and mouth)

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35
Q

Human changes to an agricultural system

A

Change in demand, change in market price, or change in government policy

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36
Q

Definition of sedentary farming

A

Permanently in one place

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37
Q

Pros of sedentary farming

A

Stability

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38
Q

Cons of sedentary farming

A

Soil can be damaged,
Can’t relocate it the climate dramatically changes

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39
Q

Definition of nomadic farming

A

Moving, farmers move to new locations a lot

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40
Q

Pros of nomadic farming

A

Maintains the soil fertility

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41
Q

Cons of nomadic farming

A

Not stable or reliable

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42
Q

Definition of subsistence farming

A

Crops grown just for the farmer and his family to be able to live

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43
Q

Pros of subsistence farming

A

Less money to spend on food in LIC

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44
Q

Cons of subsistence farming

A

The family will struggle if anything goes wrong

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45
Q

Definition of commercial farming

A

Grown to sell

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46
Q

Pros of commercial farming

A

Large profits used to improve efficiency of farm

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47
Q

Cons of commercial farming

A

Large environmental impact

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48
Q

Definition of arable farming

A

Crops

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49
Q

Pros of arable farming

A

Large yield, making them cheaper

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50
Q

Cons of arable farming

A

Effected largely by climate

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51
Q

Definition of pastoral farming

A

Animals

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52
Q

Pros of pastoral farming

A

More variety of products to sell

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53
Q

Cons of pastoral farming

A

More costly than arable

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54
Q

Definition of mixed farming

A

Crops and animals

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55
Q

Pros of mixed farming

A

If crops fail, animals can replace the lost profits

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56
Q

Cons of mixed farming

A

Lots more money and labour to maintain

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57
Q

Definition of extensive farming

A

Low inputs of labour or capital

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58
Q

Pros of extensive farming

A

Lots of money can be made for little effort

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59
Q

Definition of intensive farming

A

High inputs of labour and capital

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60
Q

Pros of intensive farming

A

Large yields

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61
Q

Cons of intensive farming

A

Costly

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62
Q

Definition of GM farming

A

” Genetically modified” involves inserting and changing DNA in order to produce more desirable yield

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63
Q

Pros of GM farming

A

High yields of aesthetically pleasing crops which people are more likely to pay for

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64
Q

Cons of GM farming

A

More expensive to produce, people stop buying “wonky” crops

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65
Q

Definition of organic farming

A

No synthetic material or alteration

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66
Q

Cons of organic farming

A

More expensive

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67
Q

Why do different types of farming occur in different parts of the world?

A

Wealth and resources, soil and climate conditions

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68
Q

Conditions needed to grow rice

A

High rainfall,
High temperatures (16 - 27 C),
Alluvial soils are ideal because it retains lots of water needed to grow rice

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69
Q

Conditions needed to grow potatoes

A

Less water,
Lower temperatures (18 - 20C)
Lose sandy soils are ideal because they easily allow roots to grow through the soil to find water and nutrients

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70
Q

Peri-urban horticulture

A

Offers the urban poor a buffer against food price increases and economic upheaval,
Associated with greater dietary diversity and higher calorie availability,
50% of households are involved in UPH in Latin America

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71
Q

Causes of the Irish potato famine

A

Failure of the potato crop,
Disease which destroyed leaves and roots,
Between 1845 and 1849

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72
Q

Impacts of Irish potato famine

A

Population decrease of 2.2 million,
1 million deaths,
100,000 farmers were unable to pay rent and were evicted,
Population was half of what it was in 1920

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73
Q

Importance of the potato in Ireland

A

Calorie dense,
Easily grown in Irish soil,
Half of Irish population relied exclusively on potatoes,
Typical cottier family consumed around 8 pounds of potatoes per person per day

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74
Q

How did the potato blight of the potato famine occur?

A

Small genetic variation of plants,
A strain of water mould arrived from North America,
Cold and moist weather allowed the mould to thrive,
Destroyed potatoes between 1846 - 1849

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75
Q

How many people died in the Irish potato famine?

A

1 million deaths from starvation,
2 million people moved out of Ireland

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76
Q

Location of semi arid climates

A

Between the tropics,
Alongside desert regions,
North and South America, Africa, South Asia and Australia

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77
Q

Characteristics of semi arid climates

A

Extremely dry,
Distinct wet season,
25 - 50 cm of rain per year

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78
Q

Importance and type of agriculture in semi arid climates

A

Pastoral (sedentary and nomadic), rainfed and irrigated mixed farming,
Unreliable farming causes food insecurity and malnutrition is common,
Sheep, goats and camels
Millet, cowpea and cotton

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79
Q

Threats to semi arid climate zones

A

Lack of rain season,
Fires commonly destroy grass,
Decrease in rainfall,
Droughts,
Malnutrition,
Overpopulation

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80
Q

Location of Mediterranean climates

A

Between 30 - 45 latitude,
Parts of Europe (Italy and Greece), South Africa, West America (California)

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81
Q

Characteristics of Mediterranean climate zones

A

Warm and stormy winters (occasional snow),
Hot and dry summers,
50 cm rain per year

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82
Q

Characteristics of vegetation in Mediterranean climate zones

A

Waxy leaves, shallow roots, shrubs and thorny bushes

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83
Q

Importance and type of agriculture in Mediterranean climate zones

A

No pastoral farming, as there is no grazing land,
Agriculture in these areas generate tourism,
Olive trees, cork oak trees, grape vines and figs

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84
Q

Threats to Mediterranean climate zones

A

Growth of hotels and resorts (loss of water resources)
Wild fires (especially dangerous for cork trees which have had their cork/bark harvested)
Mediterranean Sea is warming very quickly

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85
Q

Characteristics of zonal soils

A

Distinct layers,
Hundreds of years to form,
Formed from weathered rock, organic material, water and air
Layered profile, defined layers and features

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86
Q

Characteristics of ferrasoils

A

Well drained, susceptible to erosion,
Highly weathered,
Found in humid tropics,
Flat to gently sloping land,
Low pH

87
Q

Characteristics of podzols

A

Form under coniferous woodland,
Weathering and decomposition of plant material is slow,
Soils are shallow

88
Q

Impacts of soil erosion

A

Decrease crop yield by 50%,
Decrease nutrients available to crops,
Less space for roots,
Plants that do grow are lower quality: misshapen, smaller and less nutritious
Plants have to have a reduced selling price, and less nutrients are consumed throughout the population

89
Q

Effect of waterlogging on plant growth

A

Salinity of soil water,
Nutrient levels in soil water,
Temperature,
Frequency of waterlogging,
Stage of development

90
Q

Definition of transient toxicities (waterlogging)

A

When waterlogging reduces the oxygen concentration the in root zone

91
Q

Causes of waterlogging, and their affect

A

Regular rainfall; caused repeated changes in the chemical equilibrium of the soil, causes some toxic substances to be present in the soil that would be safe if it was regularly drained

92
Q

Impact of waterlogging on plant roots

A

Causes root tip death,
Limits the uptake of nutrients; and causes plants to ripen too quickly

93
Q

Impact of waterlogging of soil structure

A

Soil structure declines

94
Q

Alternative ways which soil structure can decline (not waterlogging)

A

When trodden on frequently by livestock or driven on by machinery

95
Q

Impacts of salinization

A

50% of arable land will be lost by 2050
10% of land is salt-affected
Risk to food security: Central Asia, Middle East, South America, North Africa, pacific

96
Q

What is structural deterioration in soil?

A

Loss of quality and nutrients in soil,
Losses physical, chemical and biological qualities,
Reduces amount of carbon soil can store by 50 - 75%

97
Q

How is structural deterioration in soil increased?

A

Human activity and heavy machinery

98
Q

Impacts/affects of structural deterioration of soil

A

Soil becomes non-renewable,
Crop failure,
Impacts global warming,
Largest contributor to food insecurity

99
Q

2 types of soil structure deterioration

A

l. Net reduction of organic material in the top soil
2. Compaction

100
Q

What is salinisation?

A

When the soil has too much salt in it

101
Q

How do salinisation and water logging occur?

A

After water evaporates out of the soil, minerals remain in the soil, then the water and salts in the high water table move upwards

102
Q

How does high wind speeds impact soil? (And example)

A

First a drought causes the topsoil to become dry,
Strong winds blow away the soil
For example, the dust bowl in North America (1930s)

103
Q

5 functions of soil

A

Physical stability and support,
Hydrological buffer,
Food, biodiversity and habitat
Nutrient cycling,
Filtering and buffering

104
Q

What components make up soil texture?

A

Proportion of sand, silts and clay

105
Q

Importance of soil structure/texture

A

Influences characteristics and workability, for farming purposes

106
Q

Solutions to soil erosion by wind (Nigeria)

A

Allow cow farmers to share fields and allow people to collect manure,
Plant trees to create wind breaks,
Reduce field sizes to create more hedge breaks

107
Q

Solutions to food insecurity caused by climate change and water issues (china)

A

Land levelling, minimises crops and saves water for irrigation
Irrigation, and redirecting rivers,
More farming of high value crops,
GM crops to produce high value yields,
Adapting to climate change

108
Q

Aeroponics (increasing food supplies)

A

Planting crops in air or mist environment without the use of soil

109
Q

Biotechnology (increasing food supplies)

A

Genetic modification of living organisms to produce useful commercial products (pest resistant or bacterial strains, etc.)

110
Q

Hydroponics (increasing food supplies)

A

A method of growing plants using a mineral and nutrient rich solution in water, without soil

111
Q

Irrigation (increasing food supplies)

A

Applying water to land in order to supply crops with sufficient water for growth

112
Q

Green revolution (farming)

A

Combination of modern technology, traditional knowledge and an emphasis on farming, social and agro-ecological systems as well as yields, especially in poorer countries

113
Q

Importance of measuring death rates

A

Assess the effectiveness of a country’s health system,
Helps a country determine the focus of future public health actions

114
Q

Top 4 causes of death in the UK (2010)

A

Circulatory diseases, cancers and neoplasms, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases

115
Q

Definition of health (WHO definition)

A

Mentally or physically free from illness

116
Q

Definition of HALE

A

Average number of years that an individual lives in full health

117
Q

Definition of DALY

A

Disability adjusted life years

118
Q

What are DALYs used for?

A

Suggests a persons biological age is different from their chronological age,
Intended to match organ donor’s to their receivers of the “same” age

119
Q

How to calculate DALYs

A

Years of life lost + years lost due to disability

120
Q

Definition of morbidity

A

Prevalence of disease

121
Q

Definition of non-communicable diseases

A

Mental conditions or diseases that are non-infectious or non-transmissible
Eg, cancer or Alzheimer’s

122
Q

Definition of communicable diseases

A

Conditions that are passed from person to person
Eg, hiv/aids or tuberculosis
More prevalent in tropical regions

123
Q

Conditions required for malaria to spread

A

Spread through mosquitoes,
Require hot, wet conditions for mosquitoes to breed

124
Q

Who is affected by malaria?

A

2 million deaths per year,
3.4 million people live in areas with malaria,
Poorer countries are affected more by malaria,
High risk people: young children, pregnant women, internation travelers and people with hiv/aids

125
Q

Prevention of malaria

A

Mosquito nets, education, antimalarial drugs

126
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

High temperatures, shakes, muscle fatigue, kidney failure and vomiting

127
Q

Impacts of malaria

A

Prevents economic growth and children can’t attend school

128
Q

How does malaria affect different areas of Kenya?

A

North East Kenya is too dry for mosquitoes to breed (semi arid)
Rift valley has the most amount of deaths from malaria (7843 per year)
Central Kenya has low amounts of deaths from malaria (400 per year)

129
Q

Cause of coronary heart disease

A

When the heart’s blood supply is blocked

130
Q

Risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

Tobacco use, alcohol use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity

131
Q

Symptoms of coronary heart disease

A

Chest pain, shortness of breathe, pain throughout the body, feeling faint and nausea

132
Q

Socio economic impacts of coronary heart disease

A

Cost of healthcare, cost to the government when people are unable to work, cost of treatment for side effects

133
Q

Management strategies for coronary heart disease

A

Regular physical activity, prescribed medicines, healthy eating, not smoking or drinking alcohol

134
Q

Distribution of coronary heart disease

A

More prevalent in high income countries because people have more disposable income to spend on risk factors

135
Q

Definition of mortality

A

The state of being subjected to death

136
Q

Stage 1 of epidemiological transition model

A

Age of pestilence and famine
Man moved into a more agricultural society (contact with animal waste)
Infectious diseases are more common
Most prevalent disease is small pox

137
Q

Stage 2 of epidemiological transition

A

Age of receding pandemics
Began with the Industrial Revolution
More clean water, sanitary sewage, mosquito suppression and more food safety
Controlled elimination of infectious diseases like smallpox

138
Q

Stage 3 of epidemiological transition model

A

Age of chronic diseases
Began in the late 20th century
More “man made” and non-infectious diseases
Common diseases; cv diseases, cancer and diabetes
Long life expectancy and long period of morbidity

139
Q

Stage 4 of epidemiological transition model

A

Age of delayed degenerative diseases
Began in the 1980s
Increased life expectancy
Most common diseases include; heart diseases, stroke and cancer
Dementia and ageing diseases appear more

140
Q

Definition of ecology

A

The study of interactions among organisms and their environment

141
Q

Definition of population

A

All of the individuals of a species that live together in an area

142
Q

3 key features of populations

A

Size, density and dispersion

143
Q

Definition of biotic potential

A

The highest possible vital index of a species: when it is at its highest birth rate and lowest mortality rate

144
Q

Definition of environmental resistance

A

Things which limit the growth of a population, such as, predators, disease or competition

145
Q

Definition of density independent factors

A

All the species in the same ecosystem will be equally affected regardless of the population size such as; weather and natural disasters

146
Q

Definition of density dependent factors

A

“Regulating factors”
Any force that affects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of the population such as; in species that live close together, disease spreads faster

147
Q

2 models which describe population growth

A
  1. Exponential growth
  2. Logistic growth
148
Q

Definition of exponential population growth

A

Has no upper limit, and populations grow very quickly

149
Q

Definition of logistic population growth

A

Has a limit and approaches this limit in a sigmodial fashion

150
Q

Phases of logistic growth

A

Lag phase, exponential phase, diminishing growth phase and stationary phase

151
Q

Definition of carrying capacity

A

Maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources

152
Q

Location of Easter Island

A

Pacific Ocean,
3500 km away from mainland Chile,
Full of Moai statues (1043)

153
Q

Why did the population of Easter Island decrease?
(According to Jared Diamond)

A

The people on The Island became so obsessed with building the statues that they forgot to farming (the island fell into disrepair) and the residents resulted in eating eachother

154
Q

Why did the population of Easter island decrease?

A

The Island had a terrible natural environment, which led the residents to use lithium mulch gardening
By 1877 lots of locals were riddled with disease
The Island reached its carrying capacity

155
Q

Population characteristics of low income countries

A

Short life expectancy,
High infant mortality,
High death rate,
High birth rate,
High natural population increase

156
Q

Population characteristics of high income countries

A

Long life expectancy,
Low infant mortality,
Low death rate,
Low birth rate,
Low natural population increase

157
Q

Characteristics of an expansive population pyramid

A

Larger number in lower ages,
Each group is larger in size than the one before it,
Population growth is rapid

158
Q

Characteristics of a constrictive population pyramid

A

Lower number or percentage of younger people,
Population growth is negative

159
Q

Characteristics of a stationary population pyramid

A

Somewhat equal numbers of all age groups,
Smaller figures for older age groups,
Population growth is neutral

160
Q

What does width of the base of a population pyramid determine?

A

A wide base indicates a high birth rate

161
Q

What does the symmetry of a population pyramid indicate?

A

Asymmetry indicates the difference between the male and female population

162
Q

What do the shape of the sides of a population pyramid indicate?

A

Concave sides indicate high death rate,
Convex sides indicate low birth rate

163
Q

What do bumps in the sides of population pyramids indicate?

A

Irregular sides indicate demographic anomalies,
Eg, baby booms or migrant work force

164
Q

Advantages of a youthful population

A

Cheap and large work force,
Demographic dividend,
Growing market for manufacturing products

165
Q

Disadvantages of a youthful population

A

Strain on healthcare, education and food
Lack of available jobs,
Strain on accommodation,
Lack of jobs in the future

166
Q

Advantages of an ageing population

A

Large amount of experience in the workforce,
A “grey” market for leisure and health products,
Construction boom in retirement locations

167
Q

Disadvantages of an ageing population

A

Large cost of providing pensions, healthcare and sheltered housing,
More taxes needed to be paid,
Young people employed to look after the elderly,
Less exports are produced

168
Q

Solutions to a young population

A

Family planning,
Industrialisation to provide jobs in manufacturing

169
Q

Solutions for an ageing population

A

Abolish state pensions,
Raise retirement age,
Increase taxes,
Sell homes of the elderly to pay for retirement care

170
Q

Definition of refugee

A

Someone who has settled in another country through fear of their safety in their own country

171
Q

Definition of asylum seeker

A

People applying for permission to settle in another country through tear of safety or persecution in their own country

172
Q

Definition of economic migrants

A

People moving in order to work and earn more money

173
Q

Demographic implications of migrants (on host country)

A

Increased birth rate,
Decreased potential for an ageing population,
Retirement migration increases the proportion of the elderly

174
Q

Social implications of migrants (on host country)

A

Encourages cultural tolerance,
Extend cultural experiences,
Local cultures can become diluted,
Local services could struggle to cope with new influx of people and languages

175
Q

Economic implications of migrants (on host country)

A

Migrants find undesirable gaps in workforce,
More economic development,
New services and housing requirements create more jobs,
Can lead to unemployment of locals,
Remittance causes money to leak out of the country

176
Q

Environmental implications of migrants (on host country)

A

More resources needed puts pressure on the environment,
New houses are built on greenfield sites,
Money generated through private companies and taxation can be put into environmental projects

177
Q

Health implications of migrants (on host country)

A

More diseases are introduced,
Migrants can arrive with health issues,
Language barriers can make healthcare difficult to access,
Anxiety and depression can arise from new life

178
Q

Political implications of migrants (on host country)

A

Controls on migration is required to maintain economic standards and public order,
Extremist views could resurface

179
Q

Definition of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Type of depression which has a seasonal pattern, the episodes of depression generally occur at the same time each year (winter) due to the lack of sunlight exposure and shorter days

180
Q

What causes Glasgow to be such a “sick” city?

A

Cold rainy weather, chronic vitamin D deficiency,
Large drinking (and subsequently, takeaway) culture

181
Q

Characteristics of Glasgow which makes it the “sickest” city in the UK

A

15% more mortality than other cities of similar size,
Life expectancy is drastically different between streets,
Lowest life expectancy hasn’t changed in over 100 years

182
Q

Characteristics of blue zone communities

A

Extremely high life expectancy areas
Generally isolated or island communities
Only 5 in the world

183
Q

What makes Okinawa (Japan) a blue zone community?

A

More socialisation,
Strong emphasis on family,
Have a sense of purpose catching/picking the food they eat,
Natural plant based diet with little red meat

184
Q

Characteristics of the population in Tanzania (Africa)

A

Low income country,
Low fertility and child mortality in north east,
High fertility levels in rural areas,
44.9 million population in 2012,
Population growth of 5.5% annually

185
Q

Causes of population decrease in Tanzania (Africa)

A

Lots of malaria, which leads to still-births,
Droughts causing crop failure, women are needed to focus on farm work,
Increased education and life goals for women,
Rich areas have more access to contraception

186
Q

Causes of population increase in Tanzania (Africa)

A

Desired number of children is 5.3,
44% of women become mothers before age 19,
Only 27.4% of people use contraception,
Little outward migration

187
Q

Projections for Tanzania’s (Africa) population, by 2050

A

138 million population,
13th most populous country in the world

188
Q

Where does ozone depletion occur?

A

Antarctica and Australia

189
Q

How does ozone depletion cause skin cancer?

A

Less protection from harmful ultraviolet B radiation

190
Q

What causes ozone depletion?

A

Chlorine and bromine (used in aerosol sprays and heavy industry)

191
Q

Direct impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity

A

Change in temperature and rainfall can cause crop yield to increase by 30% by 2050,
Cultivable land could extend north as temperatures increases (eg, soya and maize)
More CO2 and sunlight can increase rate of growth for crops

192
Q

Indirect impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity

A

Changes in nutritional standards and the resulting health implications

193
Q

How do changes in nutritional standards caused by climate change affect low income countries?

A

Changes in staple foods will have a great impact, as food can’t be imported (too expensive)

194
Q

How do changes in nutritional standards caused by climate change affect high income countries?

A

There is a small impact because people have enough money to pay for nutritious food, even if is more expensive

195
Q

Population size projection for 2050

A

Between 9.4 and 10 billion

196
Q

Population size projection for 2100

A

Between 8.4 and 12.4 billion

197
Q

Expected fertility rate in 2050

A

2.1 (currently 2.3)

198
Q

What % of goals for sustainable development are on track? (In 2023)

A

12%,
More than 50% are severely off track,
30% have seen very little movement (or regressed since 2015)

199
Q

What are the 2030 goals for sustainable development?

A

Successors of the millennium development goals (2000 - 2015)
17 goals to aim to be achieved by 2030 to improve life on Earth for everyone,

200
Q

What impacts the rate of population growth?

A

Education,
Desire for children,
And contraception availability

201
Q

How does population growth cause environmental degradation?

A

More deforestation, destruction of greenfield sites to build houses, more fossil fuel use, more food demand, more farming and cattle ranching

202
Q

How does population growth cause economic loss?

A

Increased prices, lack of housing, less job availability, more demand and less resources

203
Q

How does population growth cause social disruption?

A

Increased crime rates, fights for resources, less job availability, migrants can cause the rise of extremist opinions

204
Q

3 Malthusian crises

A

Food shortages, famine, war and epidemics

205
Q

What did Thomas Malthus believe?

A

The power of the population is greater than the power of the Earth to provide substinence for the population

206
Q

Problems with Malthus’ theories
(What didn’t he consider)

A

Increased rate of food production, ability to access more amounts of resources, contraception development

207
Q

Support for the Malthusian theories

A

Club of Rome
The “limits of growth” report predicted that economic growth could not continue indefinitely because of the limited availability of natural resources

208
Q

What did the “limits of growth” report predict?

A

Pollution increases before falling in 2030,
Food per head starts to decline in early 21st century,
Rapid resource depletion in the first half of the 21st century,
Population would continue to rise until 2050 after which it will decline

209
Q

Ester Boserup’s theory on population growth

A

Emphasised the positive; there are more people to work and contribute ideas, pressure on agricultural systems caused inventions

210
Q

Issues with Malthusian crises in the modern day
(demographic growth)

A

Required housing space surpassed all that was constructed since the beginning of mankind

211
Q

Issues with the Malthusian crises in the modern day
(Agricultural growth)

A

Agricultural resources have doubled since 1960,
Grain yields have increased by 92% between 1960 and 1990

212
Q

Types of innovations since the Malthusian theories

A

New class of resources which offers new economic opportunities,
Existing resources are used more effectively,
Alternative resources are used when existing ones are too expensive or scarce

213
Q

Technological innovation and agriculture since Malthusian theories

A

Intensification of agriculture, new methods of fertilisation, pesticide use, irrigation, multicropping systems

214
Q

Limits to productivity (Boserup theory)

A

Existing store of resources, environmental factors, limits by technology

Geography (3 decks)

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