population and environment Flashcards

Question

control water erosion

Answer 1

>>> install & maintain field drains = sediment should be removed from ditches n be in fields >>> reduce amount of water running off roads & farm track onto fields >>> carefully use farmyard manure to stabilise topsoil >>> protect soil in winter by early sowing or cover crops = maintain structure of soil

Answer 2

causes; soils with few airspaces/ pore spaces fill up with water fast = not enough oxygen for plants to respire >>> too much irrigation >> precipitation higher than evapotranspiration problems >>> lack of oxygen in root zones = root tissues decompose = growth & development stalled >>> water decreases soil temp = reduce crop growth & photosynthesis >>> crop out competed by weeds that cope better with wet conditions >>> roots rot = die >>> land hard to plough Management >>> avoid over watering crops >>> drain soil with underground pipes or ditches around fields >>> change composition of soil e.g add sand to clay

Answer 3

cause; high temp draw water to surface - evaporates = leave behind salts >>> dry climates - not enough rain to leach salt away >>> irrigation water have salts when water absorbed by plants/ evaporated when salts left behind >>> fetilisers contains salts applying too much = salts left in soil effects >>> salt stop crop absorbing water needed >>> salts toxic to plants = reduce yield & kill crop >>> water flows from areas of low salinity to areas of high salinity = flow from plant roots to soil = dehydrating plants >>> break up natural soil structures management = avoid waterlogging >>> only use as much water for irrigation needed >>> add appropriate amount & type of feritilisers

Answer 4

causes= pore spaces in soil lost >>> use of heavy machinery or trampling can compact soil >>> removal of veg = plant roots help & maintain soil structure >>> salinisation in caly salts= salt cause clay particles to clump together effects >>>soil too compacted - impermeable - cant absorb water to grow plants >>> soil organic matter content declines - soil structure breaks= break bonds holding together = cant stand poweful forces like rain >>> loss of pore spaces = reduced capacity for water= dry out >>> land hard to plough management >>> avoid compaction by moving livestock >>>maintain veg cover >>>change structure of soil by add salt to clay soil >>> avoid salinization >>> change soil composition as adding certain materials encourage well binded soil with natural pores; add sand to clay soil stop clumping

Answer 5

>>> reliable access to affordable food to nutritious & safe for healthy lifestyles depends on 1. food availability= country produce / import enough 2. food access = regularly obtain food 3. food quality & use = food must be nutritious to maintain healthy life storage & prepare in safe hygenic way

Answer 6

1. increasing food production = agricultural expansion = more land converted for argicultural use (destroy ecosystem) ->>> intensive farming = producing as much food possible from land available = reduce need for clearing natural land ( artificial chemicals damage) >>> changing types of food produced - e.g plants need less land & water somore of it = conver to arabale farming= more food produced ( developed countries eat meat = high demands) ---> technology = crops GM for higher yields or resist pests. diseases =limit needs for pesticides (reduce biodiversity) >>> hydroponics - grow plants in nutrient solution = crops grown in place w/o feritle soil (expensive)

Answer 7

2. increasing food access = trade - food imported where food deficit but prices need to be low enough to afford sufficient food >>> cheap imports undercut local farmers = hard to earn living >>> increase access to foreign markets = import food >>> trade agreements like trade blocs >>> improve transport links = easy for farmers to sell produce >>> aid - food donated during famine

Answer 8

3. reducing waste= >>> production - crop loss due to pest & disease by educating farmers on prevention & provide with better resources >>> distribution = shops discard food not sold= improve storage & packaging& speed up time for food toreach consumers = increase shelf life >> donate surplus food to food banks >>> consumption = Think eat save campaigns encourage to be less wasteful - re use leftovers but take long time to change their behaviour

Answer 9

1. green revolution = technology increased food security by increasing amount of food & efficiency of farm >>> more use of fertilisers/pests, irrigation & high yielding varieties = more productivity >>>increased calorie intake in LIC = raise grain yields >> issue with salinization , farmers unable to repay loans on expensive equipment 2. Global agriculture & food security programme = support sustainable agriculture in developing countries= i e.g Rwanda - improve access to veg, helping create products for smallholder farmers - >>> investments in facilities & products to reduce losses after harvest & increase quality >>> farmers able to buy livestock, send children to school, build houses, more jobs & training >>> food yields increase

Answer 10

MALTHUS >>>> economist during 18- 19th centuries >>> 1798 theory= population could grow more quickly than capacity to feed itself >>> population grow exponentially more fast >>> food supply increase arithmetically (constant rate) >>> population increases too much for food available = population size be reduced e.g famine, war ,disease - exceed carrying capacity >>> run out of food & resources >>> population decrease due to positive check = disease, war, famine - disaster >>> negative check - cultural choice to lower population like choosing not to have children celibacy

Answer 11

>>> rapid population growth in 20th century= believe population growth rates increasing faster than resource production rates >>> rapid population growth is an obstacle to development and should be slowed down e.g. reduce birthrate by contraception >>> famines, wars, water scarce E.g. club of Rome is it international think tank in 70s do use the computer models based on Malthusian ideas to create relationship between populations and resources. >>> models predicted continued rapid population growth = dramatic decline economic growth within 100 years >>> resource depletion, food declines, indsutrial outputs decline, pollution rise >>> some think there’s enough resources to support bigger global population >>> problem is with how resources are distributed

Answer 12

BOSERUP >>> Beconomist challenged idea- there are limits to human population growth >>>> however big worlds population grew, people always produce enough food to meet needs >>> farming be more intensive = population increased growth encourage new ideas & technology development >>> increase resource availability so carrying capacity sustain larger population >>> evidence supporting like genetic modification and agrochemicals used to increase food production >>>. Production increased by innovation and more Labour input SIMON >>> economist - population increase was positive for humanity >>> ultimately resources = human mind, growing population world would produce enough intelligent people to solve problems so resources don’t run out >>> E.g. natural resources become less scarce as we will find new ways to obtain them >>> improved quality of life is population increased >>> air in HIC safer to breath >>> water cleanliness improved >>> cropland improve condition >>>

Answer 13

>>> Population growth dynamics = study of how\ why population sizes & structures change over time >>> population growth is limited by environmental factors e.g. climate still geology topography affect availability of resourcesOf food water energy >>> balance between population growth and resource availability: 1. Optimum population = ideal number of people in area = all resources used to give highest economic return >>>population get highest standard of living of living >>> maximised incomeA 2. Overpopulation = population too high for available resources, standard of living falls there’s not enough food water energy 3. Underpopulation = population declines what is too low= toofew people do use available resources to their full potential = standard of living falls

Answer 14

Carrying capacity = largest population that area is capable of supporting in long-term >>>max population supported in evn without env being degraded >>> depends on population size & amount of resources consumed by each person >>> how larger population can environment support >>> slow growing population reduce resource limit= growth rate decrease= population size stable >>> population grows fast = overshoot resource limit= population falls suddenly as death rates increase

Answer 15

>>> ecological footprint = measure env impact of human activities; calculate amount of productive land required to produce goods & services used >>> how much earth's resources used to amount of its actually available >>> measured in global hectares(gha) - amount of land, average productivity required >>> gha more than 1 = consumption larger than available resources >>> current rates world population is 1.6 earths = takes earth 1+ years to regenerate resources >>> ecological footprints increasing globally = carrying capacity decreases >>> negative env impact of growing ecological footprints; climate change= global warming --- more land taken for settlement, industry, transport --- degradation of natural ecosystems --- threat of species extinctions --- over cultivation & overgrazing = reduce land & soil quality --- depletion of fish stocks beyond recover

Answer 16

>>>study of how env affects population factors; size, density,distribution >>> concept of population changing constantly = population dynamics

Answer 17

>>> show effects of resource extraction & use >>> show relationship b/w people & env >>> show understanding of consequences by changing variable in model = affect others >>> insight into sustainable solutions >>> need to acquire & use resources to grow = pollution >>> positive feedback = change leads processes amplify original change - away from equilibrium >>> e.g = population growth - need for more food -> drive increase in food production--> increase in food availability -> population increase more = people supported with more food-> drives improve yields -> more food available = increase population >>> increased population = more fossil fuels extraction = more fuel available for transporting food to places with shortages -> decrease malnutrition & grow population >>> cause depletion in production, tech, soils, carbon cycles = lower yields >>> negative feedback = growing population = expansion & intensification of agriculture -> more soil erosion -> reduce agricultural yields as soil less fertile -> low food production = reduce population >>> more population = more extraction, fossil fuel combustion for energy = release pollution & greenhouse gases = climate change -> reduce rainfall & crop yields = malnutrition & reduce population

Answer 18

1. ozone depletion = affect public health >>> ozone is gas in upper atmosphere, forms layer absorb harmful UV radiation from sun >>> ozone layer filters out incoming solar uv radiation >>> depletion of zone layer ( substances in aerosols/ fridges) = form hole over antarctica >>> lower concentration of ozone = more uv radiation reach earth surface >>> skin cancer = uv rays cause genetic mutations in skin by long term exposure 2. cataracts = lens of eye be opaque cloudy = blurred vision & blindness >>> exposure to uv radiation damage eye >>> risk depend on geography (tropical), altitude (higher) , time of day (sun high in sky), setting (wide open spaces )

Answer 19

1. temp rise = heatwaves more common & intense, warmer summers= thermal stress that increase death among elderly & those w cardio/respi diseases >>> overheating = heat strokes, hyperthermia = fatal >>> some places winter get milder, cold related disease & death reduces >>> heatwaves - smog, growth of algae in water = risk for aquatic life >>> wildfires,water shortages 2. vector borne diseases = temp & precipitation patern = widely distributed & seasons risks lengthened e.g lyme disease in temperate climates; ticks transfer to humans by bite (usa, europe) >>> warmer temp - more active longer & pass on more & hosts survive longer

Answer 20

3. agricultural productivity = rising temp - increase evaporation - salinization of soils & dry out soils = vulnerable to desertification = reduced yields >>> drier = hard to grow crops >>> seasonal patterns - rainy come later & shorter & intense = reduce rowing season length >>> extreme weather eents damage harvests- storms = soil erosion >>> rising sea levels = saltwater intrusion into farmland = hard for crops to survive & destroy low lying coastal agriculture >>> change in water availability - irrigation >>> more pests in high co2 levels = increased temp = kill crops >> warmer temper= long growing seson in uk 4. nutritional standards= climate change decrease crop yields in tropical areas = hunger rise as less food e.g indonesia - hunger season before harvest , later rainy season =r rice planted later - longer hunger season >>> affect types of food consumed; if greenhouse gas not decreased = less available fruits & veg >>>decreased productivity= increase food prices lower nutritional quality & reduce dietary diversity = malnutrition >>> rise of obesity as unhealthy food cheaper >>> developing countries like china - more westernised diet = more meat consumption >>> more livestock production = more methane relased = more land usage = more forest clearance >>> when cropsfail- farmer sell livestock = human iron & zinc deficiencies

Answer 21

>>> population continue to rise but rate of population growith is slowing down >>> fertility rate decreasing= UN predicts by 2100 it be >2 >>> life expectancy increases = more survive beyond infancy & live longer = living standards, healthcare, medical science improved >>> population projectionsuse assumptions on past & present fertility & mortality trends (UN & World bank use diff assumptions = diff results) >>> accuracy of projections depend if current rends continue >>> war & disease effect on future population size = not in projections = hard to predict

Answer 22

>>> projected to change = countries growth rates diff >>> latin america & asia= ferility rate fallen fast = slow growth rate >>> sub-saharan africa - fertility rates fall slowly= growth still high >>> developed counties = low population growth = low birt rates low fertility rates than replacement rate = natrual population decline >>> 2050; estimated africa have fast population growth - double more >>> asia make up most of population = increase more >>> europe expected to decrease >>> china & india likely to be most populous countries but india to overtake china by 2030

Answer 23

>>> increase in population consumptions threats to environment >>> countries be wealthy = amount of land/energy/food/water/materials consumed increased = afford higher standards of living >>> resources finite - cant be replaced >>> mass production of goods to meet demands - env impact = manufacturing processes use energy & create pollution & waste >>>population to grow = more resources used env damage growth slow down as fertility rates fall = reduce long term impact >>> more consumption continue as economic development continues >>> resource more efficient - tech development & regulations to reduce consumption >>> consumption increase faster than resource efficiency >>> demand of pollution-causing resources >> by 2050; more plastic than fish in oceans >>> co2 emissions, methane from farming, plastics & landfills of pollution degrade earth & resources

Answer 24

>>> techn advances like farming, recycling lower negative effects of exploiting resources in agriculture, renewable enrg generation = reduce pollution >>> developed countires share tech with developing countries to develop in sustainable way >>> education make people think of consumption patterns & how impact env = behaviour changes like buy local sourced products, reduce waste, reuse/ recycle >>> policy changes reduce consumption e.g incentives for renewable enrgy schemes & promote public transport

Answer 25

health = is physical mental social well being & absence of disease >>> varies around world, measured using health indicators like life expectancy

Answer 26

morbidity = rate of sease in populator >>> prevalence = total number of cases in population at particular time >>> incidence - number of new cases in population during particular time period 1. non communicable diseases ; highest breast cancer in developed countires & low in less developed countires >>> more older people = high life expectancy = suffer from diseases assoc with old age, cancer >>> unhealthy lifestyles - if overweight/ bad diet/ no exercise 2. infectious diseases; high TB in less developed countires & low in developed countires >>> less developed countries - lack of clean water, sanitation & health care, limited health education & overcrowded

Answer 27

>>> depend on morbidity & ability to treat morbidity >>> mortality rate = how many people die in population over period of time >>> more developed countries higher incidence rate of cancer than LDC & DC higher mortality rate >>> risk of dying from disease higher in LDC = malnutrition - cant find disease & poor access to health care = no drug treatment

Answer 28

>>> changing mortality patterns & how society develops >>> show causes of mortality changes from infectious disease to non communicable diseases stage 1. pestilence ^ famine = high deaths mortality rate from infectious disease >>> low life expectancy 2. receding pandemics = deaths from infectious diseases fall = better livign condition & healthcare >>> advances in tech & medicine, hygiene 3. degenerative & man-made diseases= non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as main cause of death >>> life expectancy increase >>> low infectious disease 4?= NCD prevented or onset delayed >>> death rate reduced by better treatment >>> model show countries move through stages as become economically & socially developed - -- malnutrition lowers = food availability increases - -- clean water available, sanitation = reduce diseases spread - -- access to health care to prevent & treat - -- health education = informed to avoid diseases

Answer 29

1. Climate = precipitation disease vectors need water to survive - more infectious diseases in wetter climate with high rainfall to grow 2. mosquitoes found in winter temp above 10* c = infectious diseases in tropical climate 3. high temp increase disease from food-borne vectors - bad storage & more pollen, allergens 4. extreme events = heavy rain flooding - sewage systems overflow = contaminate water supplies = water borne disease likely & low rain = water borne disease vectors concentrated in water sources 5. seasonality= arcitic low daylight during winter = affect mental health / SAD 6. sunlight = lack of it is vitamin d deficiency = bone loss, kidney, intestinal overexposure = risk of disease like cancer skin

Answer 30

1. drainage = flood plains rivers have high population densities = flood - drinking water be contaminated = water borne diseases like cholera >>> flood force people to move = pressure on resources in new areas 2. relief = standin g water collect at low points in landscape = ideal breading ground for mosquitoes carrying disease >>> urine from infected animals canbe concentrated in areas not draining = diseases 3. altitude= high altitude risk ofskin cancer= exposure of uv rays

Answer 31

1. poor water quality = spread diseases >>> good water quality to drink for health & hydrate & sanitation & hygiene >>> pathogens live in water contaminated with faeces - spread by drinking or bathing >>> toxicants can enter water supplies - kill or poison >>> many dont have access to clean water = drink dirty >> chlolera- bacterial infection 2. poor air quality = with pollutants cause illness >>> ambient air pollution = forest fires, human activities >>> fossil fuelscombustion produce poisonous gases & soot = long term exposure = respiratory problems & cardio diseases& cancer >>> urban areas bad air quality >>> waste burning & sites Household air pollution = burn polluting fuels inside, not ventilated >>> smoke, caron monosixde, = emitted when cook/heat = respiratory diseases & cancer & cardio >>> tobacco smoke, mould, pollen spores

Answer 32

>>> global organisations promote health & fight against disease >>> international agencies work with gov, research, spread awareness & give resources >>> WHO= work with gov &agencies to promote health by: --- advise national gov of health issues ---work with other int bodies & NGOs to limit outbreaks & infectious diseases ---- promote research intop health issue & give training to professionals ---- monitor deaths & diseases to find patterns & send resources needed >>> e.g global immunisation campaign against smallpox = eradicted disease >>> coordinate response to ebola outbreak= increase treatment centres, help find vaccine &prevent transmission - advise on controls

Answer 33

>>> FAO prevent hunger by research= work with info to manage strategies to avoid disease & promote health >>> world food programmes to eradicate hunger = promote good health; assist food in emergencies, work with communities >>> UNAIDS = lead & inspire world in universal access to HIV treatments >>> world bank = financial aid & tech assistance to developign countries to fight poverty, make investments improve healthq

Answer 34

>>> non profit groups independent from gov- charities >>> promote global health research & give health care in LDC >>>reach areas of need, promotion of local involvement, low cost operations >>> service providers; front line social welfare activities ensure health infrastructure in place e.g food, water, hygiene support work & train workers research & advocacy >>> e.g Cancer research fund research into causes & treatments, support to sufferers & supply resources to professionals >>> inform gov policies obn issues of cancer & access to teatment >>> test cancer sooner campaign = uk govmore funding to NHS to diagnose early >>> >>> e.g Medecins sans frontieres = MSF = charity give aid globally after disaster or epidemic >>> vaccine, surgery, work with local health professional = give training & equipment >>> treat malnutrition & long storage >>> work with local healthcare teams >>> field research get evidence to improve effectiveness & quality of clinical care & treatment of diseases >>> protect public health needs -challenge high cost medicine & absence of treaatment

Answer 35

1. birth rate= number of live births 2. death rates = deaths per 100 / year 3. total fertility rate = number of children die before 1st birthday 4. dependency ratio - proportion of population supported by working population = 0-14 & 65+

Answer 36

shows population change over time stage 1; high death rate & birth rate = high levels of diseases, famine >>> no birth controls or family planning & poor education >>> high infant mortality - have more to replace dead >>> low life expectancy = poor health care, sanitation & diet = disease & starvation >>> depend on food supply >>> population constant & low 2. high birth rates but death rates fall = improved healthcare & sanitation & diet & food security = less famine >>> have children to work labour for free= work in farm to bring more food & money >>> improved sanitation & medical advances, hygiene >> lack ofcontraception 3/ birth rates fall & death rates slightly >>> women's rights = accepted to choose to have children = not seen as child bearers but start to work >>> children not allowed to work >>> more contraceptions used >>> reduce need for large families= industry & moving in urbanised area, machinery >>> higher literacy rates - education of contraception & more educated workforce = lower need for children >>> images of ideal family changes >>> rise livingstandards = better nutrition, shelter, wages 4. low birth rate & death = population growth slows >>> high but stable >> access to & emand for luxuries like holiday &materials = lesss money for children - expensive to raise 5. birth rate drops below death rate >>> birth rate decreases= expensive to raisechildren & hsve dependent elderly relatives >>> death rate stable = more elderly people = die of old

Answer 37

1. original data used to create dtm was from richer countries - not same experience as others from lic 2. etreme poverty & low levels ofdevelopment = lack of growth & prevent LDC from passing through all stages 3. dont consider migration 4. other factors like war & disease affect population so country dont fit DTM

Answer 38

birth rates & fertility influenced 1. women = access to education & employment delay age women start families, choice of when to have family 2. = some marry young & have many children 3. diff religions have diff views on issues like birth control & abortion = catholic church condemns contraception 4. policies = high levels of growth or decline force gov to make policies to encourage or discourage families e. g france - low population = introduced subsidised childcare to encourage larger families 5. societal norms & ideal family changes

Answer 39

how population is mad up >>> number or % of males & females in diff age groups 1. top of population pyramid = how old people live to be 3. compare 2 sides of pyramid show sex ratio 3. narrow points = time in past when birth rates low or certain age had high death rate 4. wide points = periods when birth rate high >>> structure changes as move through stages

Answer 40

shape which which stage of dtm country is in >>> age & sex= major variables in population stage 3 & 4 = demographic dividend = potential for rapid economic growth in country as dependency ratio falls >>> birth rates & death falls = dependency ratio decrease = large workforce contribute to economy >>> few people dependent = economic growth as pay taxes & spend more TNCs attracted to large workforce = jobs & investments stage 5= ageing population needs to be cared for >>> replacement level = population needed to replace amount of people getting older = need to sustain economy & care for large elderly >>> death rates fall &birth rates dont meet replacement levels = sub-replacement fertility

Answer 41

1. refugees = forced to flee homes & travel to another country= flee conflict, political/ religious persecution & unable to return 2. asylum seekers = left country & application not completed as refugee status - get formal assistance & legal protection once proven they cant return home = refugee 3. economic migrants = moved voluntarily to another country to work

Answer 42

``` 1. push factors ( leave their current country) >>> unemployment, low wages >>> political instability - war or persecution >>> no access to education >>> poor public services >>> low quality of life >>> lack of food >>> economic decline >>> natural disasters >>> desertification >>> impact of climate change ``` 2. pull factors (attract them to new country) >>> more job with higher wages & safer working conditions >>> environment better, living condition - clean water, central heating >>> no wars/ persecutions= live freely >>> beet education >>> desirable climate - farm >>> more leisure activities >>> better public services

Answer 43

>>> movement b/w countries influenced by gov decision of how many migrants they will take = limit on immigrations >>> gpv control where they accept immigants from. EU can freely move to other member countries to work >>> other migrants from other countires prove they have skills thats in shorage of host country >> physical barriers like water to cross - journeys expensive or dangerous >>> human obstacles like ties to family or language >>> no money or transport to migrate = resort to illeal migration >>> language, cultural, historical ties positive influence e.g angolan move to brazil= both speak port >>> distances influences - most dont move far if not forced >>> take place on diff timescales = some permanent

Answer 44

1. benefits = human resources of future - -- foster growth & development if favourable political & economic conditions - -- cheap workforce & growing market for foreign investors 2. problems = more demands for improving maternal & child healthcare & education - -- provide food, water, energy & shelter for growing population - --- gov need to keep up demand of schooling - -- lack of attendance in schools = low levels of literacy & poorly educated workforce

Answer 45

1. benefits = pensioners some healthy & affluent = growth in leisure, tourism, private health, residential care business - -- some still work = look after grandchild = parents can wor - -- volunteer in local community 2. problems = welfare & healthcare costs rise --- pensions cost = affeng&&ulamore in future --- costs need be covered by smaller economically active = working population --- workers need to pay higher taxes --- smaller working population = affect economic growth & standards of living - skills shortage

Answer 46

>>> stage 4 dtm >>> low birth rate & death rate >>> size not changing 1. physical = uk temperate climate & fertile soils = lots of arable land = reliable food supply - -- high rain = enough water - --- low lying & flat = easy to grow crops, transport resources &build - -- rich in natural resourceslike coal , gas , oil = industrialize & diverse economy - -- surrounded by sea = easy access to marine resources & int shipping trade 2. human = education compulsory, regardless of age - -- low fertility rate - --- high female in workforce = delay childbearing age - --- women use contraception = accesible & taught at school = couples control over sex - -- access to good health care for all = low infant mortality rate & high life epectancy

Answer 47

>>>> stage 2 of DTM >>> LDC = high birth rate & low death rate 1. physical = hot & humid climate & moderate rain = suitable for crops, banas, coffe, sugar >>> north dry season = limit agricultural productivity >>> soil not fertile = low production >>> some deposits of copper, gold, mineral - not exploited for economy growth >>> landlocked country= limited opportunities in international trade 2. human = high fertility rate = result inequality >>> women less education & less likely employed = have children young >>> lack of birth control, gov support for family planning >>> poor medical care = high infant mortality rate >>> death rate fallen = improved sanitation &healthcare = growth population >>> large children reach productive age

Answer 48

1. demographic = large scale migration = population decline = low birth rate - --- people with childbearing age leaves - --- ageing population = elderly stay & working age leave - -- males likely leave = gender imbalance 2. social = families split up & communities >>> loss of trad culture >>> less pressure on education but funding cut & healthcare >>> loss ofskilled workers like doctors >>> likely to find job 3. economic = migrant workers send income back home >>> skilled people leave = shortage of qualified for high skilled jobs = brain drain >>>reduced pressure on food, energy, water >>> less unemployment >>> dependent on remittance >>> less production >>> decline in services

Answer 49

4. political = losing skilled workforce = gov try discourage them leaving or encourage migration >>> programme to increase fertility >>> pressure to re- develop areas in decline 5. environmental; decline = env improve as less resource exploited & farming >>> farmland, buildings abandoned & less funding for env management 6. health; shortage of healthcare workers >>>> vulnerable people left behind = pressure on local healthcare system >>> leave areas with disease infectious/ epidemic

Answer 50

1. demographic = more immigrants = growth >>> structure change so most migrants working age >>> working age rise = more childbearing age people >>> more male working age 2. economic = expansion of workforce fill jobs not done by native people = help economy >>> not always enough jobs >>> cheap labour work longer >>> working migrant pay taxes >>> reduce dependency - demographic dividend >>> pressure on jobs >>> resentment in time of recession 3. political =gov make policies to reduce immigration when too many people coming >>> rise of extremist org if local feel threatend by changes >>>rise of anti- immigration political parties >>> growth of right wing racist org

Answer 51

4. health= more put pressure on healthcare services; if live in poor housing = health problems >>> more infectious disease from migrants >>> more pressure to treat NCD/chronic illness 5. environmental = more houses, buildings, resources required >>> green spaces built on & resource extraction = damage & pollution >>> larger waste to dispose = pollution >>> demand for energy, water, food = pressure on natural resources 6. social = diff cultures diversity of new food, ideas, music, fashion >>> social tension b/w local >>> cetain areas be assoc with immigrannts >>> pressure on maternal & infant healthcare >>> pressure on schools >>> racial, ethnic tensions >> more crime

population and environment Flashcards

(75 cards)