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Human Geography > Population And Evnirionent 2 > Flashcards

Population And Evnirionent 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Morbidity

A
  • Rate of disease in a population
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2
Q

Communicable disease

A
  • Infectious disease such as malaria
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3
Q

Non communicable disease

A
  • Non infectious health condition that cant be spread from person to person
  • Cancer, heart disease
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4
Q

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A
  • Average number of years a person can expect to live in full health
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5
Q

Health definition

A
  • Physical, mental and social well being and the abscence of disease
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6
Q

Prevalence and incidence definitions

A
  • Prevalence = total number of cases in a population at a particular time
  • Incidence = number of NEW cases in a population during a particular time
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7
Q

Reasons for high morbidity of communicable disease in LEDs

A
  • Lack of clean water
  • Lack of sanitation and healthcare
  • Limited education
  • Overcrowded conditions
  • Lack of vaccines
  • Limited treatments
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8
Q

Reasons for high morbidity of non communicable diseases in HICs

A
  • Unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, obsessing, drinking)
  • High proportion of older people, more old people are more likely to suffer from diseases associated with old age - degenerate disease (cancer, heart disease)
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9
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A
  • changing mortality patterns over time from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases.
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10
Q

Stage 1 of epidemiological transition

A
  • High number of deaths from infectious diseases
  • Low life expectancy
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11
Q

Stage 2 of epidemiological transition

A
  • Number of deaths from infectious diseases fall due to better living conditions and health care
  • Average life expectancy increases
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12
Q

Stage 3 of epidemiological transition

A
  • Non communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the main cause of death
  • Average life expectancy continues to increase
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13
Q

Stage 4 of epidemiological transition

A
  • Non communicable diseases may be prevented or their onset is delayed
  • Death rate reduced to better treatment
  • Life expectancy is high
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14
Q

How can environmental variables (CLIMATE) affect incidence of disease?

A
  • Precipitation = disease vectors need water to survive, more infectious diseases in wetter climates
  • Temperature = many disease vectors can only survive above a certain temp so many occur in tropical climates
  • Extreme events = flooding causes sewage systems to overflow, contamination, cholera is more likely
  • Seasonality - Arctic areas have little daylight, affects mental health (SAD)
  • Sunlight = over exposure leads to risk of skin cancer
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15
Q

How can environmental variables (TOPOGRAPHY) affect incidence of disease?

A

Drainage = flood plains of rivers have high pop densities, floods contaminate water, increases risk of water bourne diseases, Ganges has flat land for agriculture so puts people at risk, lack of flood management

Relief = standing water collects at low points, provides an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes carrying diseases

Altitude = high altitudes increase risk of skin cancer due to increases exposure to UV rays

Poor water quality = can spread diseases and cause poor health

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16
Q

Biologically transmitted disease

A
  • MALARIA
  • Infectious disease caused by mosquitoes transmitting parasites
  • Occurs in tropical areas, Sub-Saharan Africa

Physical factors = high temps, breed in warmer weather, breed in still bodies of fresh water like swamps or pools created from rainy seasons
Socio-economic factors = low incomes so can’t afford treatment, lack of health education, digging irrigation ditches increases breeding sites, poor quality housing

Affects = symptoms are fever, chills, nausea, organ failure, respiratory problems, people may lose income if too ill to work, children may be off school affects education, development of country may slow down if government spend money on treatment

Strategies to manage = WHO set 3 goals for 2030 to reduce global malaria incidence and mortality rates by at least 90%, spray is die walls with insecticide, but insecticide can be costly and negative affect on health, anti-malaria drugs or vaccines, improving diagnosis

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17
Q

A non-communicable disease

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Linked to an unhealthy lifestyle
  • A disease where fatty substances build up in the arteries meaning the heart doesn’t get enough blood
  • More common in wealthier countries however the death rates are falling because of improvement of diagnosis and effective treatments
  • Death rates are high in LEDs due to poor health care and limited health education

Socio-economic factors = risk of developing CHD increases with age, risk is higher for those who smoke, are overweight, don’t exercise, consume too much alcohol or have a high diet in unsaturated fat or salt

Physical factors = long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution

Affect on health and wellbeing = symptoms are chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, leads to heart attack, depression, people may need to take time off work (financial strain), treatment costs are expensive results in economic burden

Strategies to manage = lifestyle changes, healthy diet, exercise regular, stop smoking, drugs or surgery, NHS stop smoking services

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18
Q

Role of international agencies

A
  • Receive money from the government
  • Bodies that are set to control international agreements
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19
Q

What does UN aim to do

A
  • Prevent infectious diseases spreading within and between countries, coordinate research and best practice limiting rates of non-communicable diseases
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20
Q

WHO

A
  • States that ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease’
  • Top priorities = strive to combat communicable diseases including influenza, TB
  • In 2020, the WHO had 194 member states and 6 regional offices
  • They work with other UN agencies and NGOs on international health issues.
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21
Q

Examples of success by WHO

A
  • global immunisation campaign against smallpox between 1966 and 1980, which led to the disease being eradicated.
  • helped to coordinate the response to the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa - actions included increasing the number of treatment centres in the region, helping to find a vaccine and implementing measures to prevent transmission of the disease to other countries
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22
Q

UNICEF

A
  • United Nations Childrens Fund
  • Works with a number of other agencies, including NGO’s to establish and develop work on the SDG’s (sustainable development goals)
  • Partly responsible for 8 of the sustainable development goals
  • It’s main priorities include, reducing child mortality by aiming to reach vulnerable children everywhere
  • Working to end preventable maternal, newborn and child deaths by scaling up immunisation programmes
  • Tackling health emergencies in places affected by conflicts, natural disasters, migration or political or economic instability, to ensure children are secure
  • Supporting and promoting curative services for pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria
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23
Q

Role of non-governmental organisations

A
  • Any non-profit association that operates independently of both government and non-profitable businesses.
  • Organised on a local, national and international levels, funded by public donations.
  • Promoted as alternative healthcare providers as governments can’t always cope with the enormity of health issues such as HIV/AIDS, malaria or viral outbreaks
  • The attributes of NGO’s that increase their potential effectiveness include:
  • Ability to reach areas of severe need
  • Their promotion of local involvement
  • Relatively low cost of operations
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24
Q

MSF

A
  • Medecins Sans Frontieres
  • Doctors without boarders
  • Provide emergency medical assistance such as vaccinations or surgery
  • Work with local health care professionals, providing them with extra training and equipment so they can help their communities
25
Q

Cancer Research

A
  • Fund research into the causes of cancer and treatments for it
  • Provides support to sufferers and supplies resources to healthcare professionals
  • Their work helps to inform government policies on issues on prevention and diagnosis of cancer and their access to treatment
  • Test Cancer Sooner campaign in 2015 meant the UK government committed more funding to the NHS to ensure cancer patients are diagnosed much earlier for better chance of recovery.
26
Q

Cultural controls : Role and status of women

A
  • Women are discriminated against in many cultures, not receiving education.
  • When they are married they are expected to leave their own family and look after in-laws
  • The degree of equal opportunities such as education and employment is limited
27
Q

Cultural controls : Attitudes to marriage and child marriage

A
  • Culture of young marriage - In Niger 3/4 of girls are married before the age of 18 - total fertility is 6.6
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa 40% of girls are married before age 18 and 12% before age 15
  • This will result in the impact of how many children a woman has which will affect the mothers health and future opportunities.
28
Q

Cultural controls : Religion

A

Roman catholic and Islam religions forbid the use of artificial contraception and abortion methods as a form of population control

Countries where the majority of the population are Muslim show some of the highest fertility rates and fastest growth

29
Q

Cultural controls : Gender preference for sons

A

Preference for sons to farm the family land in rural areas and look after adults in old age.
Higher fertility rates and larger families as parents will continue to have children until they have one or two boys

30
Q

Cultural control: Population policies

A

Policies to discourage or encourage large families - France population is low so government policy to subsidise childcare to encourage larger families

China - one child policy (anti-natal policy) - 1979-2015. From 2016, parents were encouraged to have two children
From 2023 - for the first time, China’s population has stopped growing due to a preference for fewer children (due to high costs of living)

China may have to consider introducing pro-natal (pro-birth) policies in the future.

Indian fertility rates have fallen from 3.2 to 2.2 in the last 20 years. Fertility rates in 23 Indian states are now below the replacement level - largely due to the introduction of compulsory female education in the 1980s.

31
Q

Demographic transition model

A
  • This shows how population changes over time through 5 stages. It shows changes in birth rate, death rate and total population.
  • It traces a change from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates and as country become more developed.
  • It is linked to the epidemiological model
32
Q

Explain the demographic transition model stages

A

Stage 1 = high fluctuating, birth rate is high, death rate is high
Stage 2 = early expanding, birth rate is high, death rate falls rapidly, natural increase is fast
Stage 3 = late expanding, birth rate falling, death rate falls slowly, natural increase is at a slower rate
Stage 4 = low fluctuating, low birth rate, low death rate, stable/slow natural increase
Stage 5 = decline (ageing), birth rate is very low, death rate is low, slow decrease of natural increase

33
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of demographic transition model

A

Strengths

  • great model for anyone living in the UK as it is based upon the UK and we can relate this directly to our country!
  • Other developed countries such as Japan and France have followed almost exactly the same demographic pattern.
  • It is simple to understand, and can be used by demographers to make future predictions
    NICs have followed a similar pattern, BUT have progressed through the model at a faster rate than the British Isles.

Weaknesses

Many countries simply have not moved from stage one, despite other changes occurring in their countries. The model is based upon Western “industrial” economies. It doesn’t work as well for countries that have not followed this pattern of development.
The importation of technology (e.g. vaccinations) means that death rates can fall much more rapidly than has been observed in Europe.

Government policy can influence birth rates - as evidenced in China with its one child policy and in Mauritius with its family planning program. France has a pro-natal birth policy.
Doesn’t consider the impacts of major disease pandemics on death rates such as Covid 19

Doesn’t consider the future impacts of climate change and impact on populations

34
Q

UK vs UGANDA (physical setting, human setting, application to DTM)

A

Physical setting UK = Temperate climate, fertile soils = lots of arable land which means a reliable food supply, rainfall is relatively high so there is enough water, rich in natural resources, such as coal, gas and oil. These all help the country to become industrialised and develop as a diverse economy

Physical setting UGANDA = Hot, humid climate and receives moderate amount of rainfall, so it’s suitable for crops such as bananas, coffee and sugar. However a dry season limits agricultural productivity. Much of the soil isn’t very fertile, food production is low

Human setting UK = Education is essential and compulsory, most people stay in education until the age of 18. Most women don’t have children until they have finished education so fertility rate is much lower. Access to good healthcare

Human setting UGANDA = Total fertility rate is high, women receive less education, infant mortality is high, overall death rate fallen due to improvements of sanitation

DTM UK = Low BR and DR, low natural increase, stage 4
DTM UGANDA = High BR, low/falling deaths, government improved infant mortality by improving healthcare

35
Q

Population structure : age-sex composition

A
  • Population structure is shown by the construction of a population pyramid.
  • These show the number or % of males and females in different age groups within a population
  • Population pyramids are a snapshot in time as the population structure is constantly changing as each age group moves up the pyramid over time.

Population structures are divided into 3 categories

Ø Ages 0-14 = known as the 'young dependent' population
Ø Ages 15-64 - known as the 'economically active'
Ø Ages 65+ known as the 'elderly dependent population'

The young and old dependents rely on the economically active working group who pay taxes and support them (parents to pay for things for young and elderly need family support and pensions)

36
Q

Comparison of dependency ratios in HIC’s and LIC’s

A

HICs typically have dependency ratios of between 50 and 75, whereas LICs typically have high dependency ratios of over 100. The lower the lower the better as there are more working people supporting each dependent.

37
Q

Demographic dividend

A
  • Demographic Dividend is the potential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls.
  • Normally occurs around stage 2 or 3 of the DTM. The population structure of a country means there is low dependency.
  • Death rate decreases before birth rate
  • Leads to economic growth
38
Q

Concept of 2nd demographic dividend

A
  • Ageing populations mean that the retirement ages are increased = increased economically active and taxes paid for longer. Many elderly people still work and therefore pay taxes late in life. Retirees often have large spending power due to accrued assets over a longer working life. This increases the national income through taxes and spending.
39
Q

Asylum seekers

A
  • People who have fled their country, but have not yet had their application to be recognised as a refugee accepted
40
Q

Push and pull factors

A
  • Push factors - these are things that make people want to move out of the place they’re in. They’re negative factors about the place they’re leaving (their home country/ country of origin)
  • Pull factors - these attract people to a new place. They’re positive factors about the place they’re moving to (the host country).
41
Q

Environmental and social-economic push factors

A

Environmental:
- Natural disasters such as volcanoes, earthquakes, forest fires, hurricanes..
- Desertification - the degradation of semi-arid land by human activities and changes in climate
- Impacts of climate change such as land being flooded from rising sea levels, increase risk of forest fires due to increasing temps

Social-economic:
- Political instability such as war
- Lack of jobs, access to good education
- Lack of food and water
- Economic decline

42
Q

Environmental and socio-economic pull factors

A

Environmental:
- More desirable climates to farm or live in
- Better farming conditions
- Fewer impacts by climate change such as fewer extreme whether events

Socio-economic:
- Better access to health-care, cheaper
- Better employment opportunities and higher salaries
- Better education like schools and universities
- Overall better quality of life

43
Q

Lee’s Push-Pull theory

A
  • For people to move they need to be pushed from their country of origin and pulled into another country
  • The majority of migrants are voluntary movers for largely economic reasons
  • Negative factors at the origin are the push factors, the positive at the destination are the pull factors
  • Migrant has to evaluate these factors and obstacles before they move
  • Intervening obstacles might include travel costs, family pressures, language barriers, boarder controls…..
44
Q

Implications of international migration (country of origin)

A

Demographic: - Large scale migration causes population decline. Migration can lead to ageing populations, elderly people tend to stay while working-age tend to leave

Economic: Migrant workers may send some of their income back home such has remittances. When highly skilled people leave, there can be a shortage of qualified people for high-skilled jobs known as the brain drain.

Political: Countries that are losing their skilled workforce will mean governments try to discourage workers from leaving, or encourage migration into the country. They might also introduce programmes to increase fertility to prevent population decline

Health: A country may have a shortage of healthcare professionals if many migrate to work somewhere else. The most vulnerable people are left behind while the healthy go to work which puts pressure on local healthcare systems

Environmental: If the population declines the environment may improve because of reduced resource exploitation however farming buildings and farmland could be abandoned and there may be fewer resources and less funding for environmental damage.

Social: Families may be split up. People might be more likely to find a job at home if other working people have left. There may be less pressure on education, but funding could also be cut of demand falls.There can be a loss of culture or a change in culture if migrants return with new ideas

45
Q

Implications of international migration (host country)

A

Demographic: Large numbers of immigrants cause population growth. The population structure can change, as most migrants are of working age. The birth rate might rise because of the influx of people of child-bearing age

Economic: Expansion of the workforce can fill jobs that weren’t filled by the native population and help the economy to grow. However this can mean there aren’t enough jobs to go around

Political: Some governments introduce policies to reduce immigration when there’s a concern that too many people are coming into the country. Potential for rise in extremist organisations, if local people feel threatened by changed to their society

Health: Large number of migrants can put pressure on healthcare services, if migrants have to live in overcrowded, poor quality housing where they are more prone to developing diseases and health issues. Immigrants could spread infectious, diseases from their home countries

Environmental: More houses, infrastructure and resources are required to cope with the influx of people, green spaces may be built on. There may be larger amounts of waste disposal which can cause pollution of ground, air and water

Social: presence of people from different countries creates cultural diversity. However, it can also lead to social tensions between local people and immigrants
. Certain areas might become associated with immigrants, people often move to areas where people with a similar background are already living

46
Q

Ecology

A

Relationship between humans and their physical environment

47
Q

Biotic potential

A

the natural reproductive potential of any species (e.g. Mammals (including humans) have small number of offspring as higher rates of survival cared with fish)

48
Q

Environmental resistance

A

This explains mortality rates controlled by environmental factors that prevent survival such as disease or shortages of food. Also known as limiting factors

49
Q

Optimum population

A
  • The ideal number of people in an area - all resources are used to give the highest economic return per person and therefore the highest standard of living.
  • The optimum population also depends upon population structure - e.g. A low dependency ratio might mean a higher population can be supported because there is more economic growth.
50
Q

Overpopulation.

A
  • If the population of an area becomes too high for the available resources the standard of living falls - there isn’t enough food, water, energy etc.
51
Q

Underpopulation

A
  • If the population declines or is too low, there are too few people to use the available resources to their full potential and the standard of living falls or is lower than it could be.
52
Q

Carrying capacity

A
  • This is the largest population that an area is capable of supporting in the long term. This depends on the population size and the amount of resources consumed by each individual
53
Q

Ecological footprint

A
  • A measure in global hectares (gha) of the land and water area needed to produce the resources that humans demand (individually and as a society) and the waste generated from this production
54
Q

The negative environmental implications of enlarged ecological footprints

A

○ Climate change & global warming
○ More land used for settlement, industry and transport
○ Degradation of natural ecosystems
○ Threats of species extinction
○ Over-cultivation and over-grazing - soil erosion
○ Depletion of fish stocks beyond recovery

55
Q

Population, resources and pollution model

A
  • This show the relationship between people and the environment
  • Natural resources provide goods and services to human populations, but the acquisition and use of these resources disrupt environmental processes and produces pollution
56
Q

Malthusian perspectives on population growth

A
  • Pessimistic view
  • Believed that food production can only be increased arithmetically whereas population growth will occur geometrically
  • Eventually there will be a population crash
57
Q

Neo-Malthusian perspectives on population growth

A
  • Argue that rapid population growth is an obstacle to development and should be slowed down by reducing rates through contraception
  • Predicted that continued rapid population would lead to a dramatic decline in economic growth within 100yrs
58
Q

Simon’s perspective on pop growth

A
  • Economist who argued pop growth was good for the world
  • ‘Ultimate resource is the human mind’
  • If pop grew it would produce enough intelligent people to solve issues
59
Q

Boserup’s perspective on pop growth

A
  • Economist with optimist outlook
  • Challenged the idea that there were limits to human pop growth
  • Said farming would become more intensive as pop grew

Human Geography (5 decks)

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