population and migration Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
number of people living on earth
A
7.7 billion
2
Q
how to calculate natural increase or decrease
A
Birth Rate - Death Rate
3
Q
how to calculate the net increase
A
(birth rate - death rate) +/- migration
4
Q
what does describe mean
A
say what you see
5
Q
what does explain mean
A
give a reason for
6
Q
how to describe diagrams
A
Trend: General statement (what happens)
Example: comparison ( compare data using data)
Anomaly: identity what stands out
7
Q
birth rate?
A
number of live births per year per 1000 of the population
8
Q
death rate?
A
number of people who die per year per 1000 of the population
9
Q
natural increase?
A
the difference between the birth and dearth rate
10
Q
infant mortality rate
A
number of infants that die before their first birthday
11
Q
life expectancy
A
the average age of someone is expected to live to in a particular place or country
12
Q
factors affecting high birth rate
A
- poor access to health care
- high infant mortality rate
- lack of contraception because of acces/cost/education
- children needed for work and to look after family
- poor education of women
- HIV/AIDS
- tradition
13
Q
factors affecting high death rate
A
- medicine, lack of medicine, cost available
- access to food, fresh clean water
- disease because of hygiene
- poor hygiene
- natural disasters
- war
14
Q
factors affecting low birth rate
A
- children cost lots of money
- low infant mortlity rate
- materialism
- women choose to work over starting a family
15
Q
factors affecting low death rate
A
- improvement to medical care
- improvements in sanitization and water supply which reduces spread of disease
- quality and quantity of food produced improves
- transport and communications improve movement of food and medical supply
- decrease infant mortality which decreases birth rate
16
Q
what is an ageing population
A
low birth rate and low death rate which has many old people
17
Q
CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth
why has kenya population increased rapidly?
A
- high number of birth per women, average 3.9 children per women in 2016 but in 2009 was 4.6 and world average is 2.5
- falling death rates, kenya infant mortality rate decreased to 39/1000 compared to africa everage of 57/1000
- life expectancy has increased gradually, in 2016 life expectancy was over 62 compared with africa with 60 years
18
Q
CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth
common knowledge?
A
- kenya has a high population growth
- 1969 10.9 million —> 38.6 million more than 3X
- in 2016 population was 45.4 million
19
Q
CASE STUDY- kenya high rate of natural population growth
what does family planning show?
A
- women with more education have fewer kids
- fewer then 1/2 of births are attended skilled provider
- poorest women have the highest unmet need for family planning
- many adolescents have sex before age of 15
- birth spacing of 2 years has a big impact on child health and well being
20
Q
CASE STUDY- population decline in russia
population facts
A
- population peaked in 1991 with 148 million people
- 2016 population was 144 million
- estimated population in 2050 is 111 million
- loosing 700, 000 - 800, 000 people per year
- over 1.5 million abortion per year
- death rate of 15/1000
- life expectancy for men is 66 years and 77 years for women
- high death rate in men because of alcaholism and smoking and poverty and HIV/ AIDS
- government has urged russia to have more children
- 13 abortions for every 10 births
21
Q
how to calculate population density
A
population / area
22
Q
factors affecting population density
A
- towns and nations are around water
- fertile land
- good climate
23
Q
sparsely populated?
A
few people in large area
24
Q
densely populated?
A
many people in a small area
25
densely populated countries
singapour: 7,148 per km^2
bahrain: 1,900 per km^2
bangladesh: 1,115 people per km^2
26
sparsely populated countries:
australia 3 per km^2
greenland 0.03 per km^2
saudi arabia 14 per km^2
27
CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america
common knowledge
- population density of 35 per km^2 in USA
| - canada has 4 per km^2
28
CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america
why area is sparsely populated?
- very few people live in cold, dry and mountain regions
29
CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north america
canadian northlands sparsely
- low temp explans why 75% of canadians live within 160 km of the main border within usa
- winters are cold with below -20 degrees in january
- summers are short
- most of the northlands are affected by perma frost
- ground is permeable for 300 metres depth
- in summer the top metre thaws causing marshy waterlogged escape
- great distances from communities in the north lands and the environmental conditions create difficulties for transportation development
- in yellow knife there is a pop of 19,000 was founded in 1935
- air transport is the only link they have to outside world
30
CASE STUDY: sparsely and densely populated areas in north America
northeast of the USA densely populated
- in 1960 Boston and Washington had reached a level of a megalopolis
- other main cities are new york, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
- new york is the most densely populated city with 8.4 million population
- population in new york is more than the whole of canadian northlands
- region has many smaller urban areas with density of 100 per km^2
- rural parts of region are fertile and are intesely farmed
- many people in rural areas commute to work in cities
31
optimum population?
the population is maximizing the benefits from resources available
32
overpopulation?
resources cannot sustain current population
33
under population?
population cannot fully utilize resources available
34
indication that human population is on limits of earths resources
- 1/4 of children in the world are protein malnutritioned
- long term for grain production is falling
- 40% of agricultural land is moderately degraded
- 9% of land is highly degraded
35
CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country
knowledge
- small and resource poor country
- land area of 147,000 km^2
- 244,000 km^2 in uk
- population of bangladesh is 163 million compared to 66 million in UK
36
CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country
Causes
- shortage of resources and supplies that people need
- problems with transport
- bad sanitisation
- diseases spread
- economic inflation
- high birth rate
- high infant mortality rate
- large families are an asset
37
CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country
consequences
- infertile soil
- pressure on resources
- pollution
- lack of jobs
38
CASE STUDY: is Bangladesh an overpopulated country
how can it be managed
- give education on contraception and make it available for all
- educate youth on benefits of less children
- improve health care
- improve family planning
- develop education system
39
CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country
causes
- extreme temperatures over 40 degrees celsius, lack of rainfalll and infertile soil
- access to water in the desert is difficuly and expensive
- attraction for country is that its wide open and unspoiled
- australia does not have a good reputation with dealing indigienous and aboriginal populations
40
CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country
economic consequences
- shortage of workerds
- unable to exploit resources
- less innovation and development
- less people paying tax, 43% of labour force retire in 20 years
- taxes will be raised to fund retirement
41
CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country
social consequences
- schools and hospitals will close
| - public transport will close because of less consumers
42
CASE STUDY: is Australia an underpopulated country
solutions
- encourafe immigration
- give benefits for people with kids
- new technology to provide fresh water
- solar and wind development will create jobs in the desert
43
pro natalist
encourage birth
44
anti natalist
disencourage birth
45
CASE STUDY: anti natalist china
history
- after 1949 population growth was encourged for economic reasons
- abortion was banned and families got beneffit payment for every child
-1964 600 million people
first bith control programme was in 1956
-1964 new birth control
- birth rate peaked from 45/1000 1966-1971
- one child policy was made because of 700 million population
46
CASE STUDY: anti natalist china
advantages of one child policy
- total fertilization fell from 6 to 1.7
- population growth rate fell from 2.6% to 0.6%
- birth rates have fallen from 45 to 13
- easy access to contraception increased
- 350 million births prevented
47
CASE STUDY: anti natalist china
disadvantages
- critisizm on human rights
- boys have been favoured and female kids have been killed
- sex imbalance in china 117:100
- many children abondened
- children become spoilt (little emporers syndrome)
- open to corruption
- population still 1.3 billion
48
CASE STUDY: pro-natalist french ''code de famille''
history
- began in 1939
- cash incentives for stay home mom's
- priveleged holidays for free
- maternity leave while being payed normal amount
- 30% reduction on public transports for families with 3 kids
49
CASE STUDY: pro-natalist french ''code de famille''
what did it achieve
- france has the 2nd highest fertility rate in europe
- 2007 france celebrated biggest baby boom since 1980s
- france had more babies in 2006 then in the last quarter century
50
what does wide top mean in population pyramid
high life expectancy
| larger portion of population is elderly dependants
51
what does wide sides mean in population pyramid?
low death rate
52
what does narrow base mean in population pyramid?
low birth rate
| lower proportion is young dependants
53
what does high pyramid mean in population pyramid mean
higher the pyramid the longer people live
54
what do bulges mean o the population pyramid
immigration period
55
issues of an ageing population
- high death rate
- low birth rate
- high amounts of money speant on healthcare causing low spread of money for education
56
positives of ageing population
- unemployment rates cause less pressure on jobs
- family support: less pressure on jobs
- communities: volunteering
57
CASE STUDY: japan ageing population
causes
- lowered birth rates
- later marriges ( men 30.7) and ( women 29)
- smaller living spaces
- dedication to raising healthy children
- high employment rates for women
- excellent health care
- good diets
- high quality life
58
CASE STUDY: japan ageing population
effects
- japan will shrink from 127 million to 95 million in 2050
- health care and nursing home will be 12% of gdp, 1 trillion dollors
- work force will fall 15% in next 20 years and half in next 50 years
59
CASE STUDY: japan ageing population
management
- free child care from ages 3-5
- free education for children between 3-5
- bandai corp has issued 10, 000 dollors for every child after the first child
- relaxed immigration laws to allow young people to move to japan and increase working population
60
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
pull factors for USA (positives)
- excellent medical facilities (400 per doctor)
- well paid jobs (gdp: 46, 860 dollors)
- literacy rate is 99%
- life expectancy 76 yrs
- many jobs available for low paid
- family links
61
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
push factors (negative for mexico)
- poor medical facilities ( 1800 per doctor)
- low paid jobs (gdp 14, 000 dollors)
- life expectancy 72 years
- 40% unemployed
- unhappy life
- shortage of food
- poor farming conditions
- literacy rate 55% (very bad)
62
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
negative impacts on USA
- costs USA millions of dollors
- mexicans seen as a drain on economy
- migrants make wages low (bad for americans)
- 70% of prisoners in usa are mexican
-
63
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
positive impacts for USA
- mexican cultrue enriches US boarder states with food
- educated mexicans bring skills and expertise to usa
- allows americans to get cheaper homes
64
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
negative impacs for mexico
- mexican country side has shortage of economically active people
- young people leave old and young eg. one city lost 2/3 of people living there
-
65
CASE STUDY: migration for Mexico to usa
positive impacts for mexico
- legal and illegal immigrants send 6 billion dollors back to mexico
- weekly average money in mexico is 60 dollors 1/3 of USA
