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Geography > Population and Settlement > Flashcards

Population and Settlement Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things affect population growth?

A

Birth and death rate

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2
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate

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3
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

When the birth rate is lower than the death rate

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4
Q

What happens to a country in Stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate = high and fluctuating

Death rate = high and fluctuating

Population growth rate = zero

Population size = low and steady

Example countries = no countries, some tribes in Brazil

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5
Q

What happens to a country in Stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate =high and steady

Death rate = rapidly falling

Population growth rate = very high

Population size = rapidly increasing

Example countries =Gambia

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6
Q

What happens to a country in Stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate = rapidly falling

Death rate = slowly falling

Population growth rate =high

Population size = increasing

Example countries =Egypt

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7
Q

What happens to a country in Stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate = low and fluctuating

Death rate = low and fluctuating

Population growth rate = zero

Population size = high and steady

Example countries =UK, USA

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8
Q

What happens to a country in Stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate = slowly falling

Death rate = low and steady

Population growth rate =negative

Population size = slowly falling

Example countries = Japan

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9
Q

What happens to countries when they become more developed?

A

Birth & death rate change e.g. more money, so healthcare improves, so death rate drops, so faster population growth

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10
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

Shows how many people there are of each age group and each sex

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11
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

When there are too many people for the resources

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12
Q

What causes overpopulation?

A

Rapid population growth

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13
Q

What countries are most likely to be overpopulated?

A

LEDCs e.g. Gambia (stages 2&3 of DTM) bc they have high birth rate and falling death rate

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14
Q

What causes a youthful population?

A

Low life expectancy and high birth rate

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15
Q

What problems do youthful, overpopulated LEDCs face?

A

Healthcare can’t cope with large amounts of people, so not everyone has access to them

Children have to work to support their families, so they miss out on education

Isn’t enough houses for everyone, leading to homelessness and make shift housing in crowded areas, which leads to more health issues as there isn’t always sewers or clean water

Food shortages, causing starvation

Not enough jobs, people can’t work

Increasing poverty bc children are born into families that are already poor

Increased waste & pollution

More natural resources used up e.g. deforestation

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16
Q

What are the different strategies to control overpopulation?

A

Birth control e.g. laws on how many children you can have, free contraception and sex education

Immigration laws e.g. laws that limit the number of people that are allowed immigrate

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17
Q

What is China’s population?

A

1.3 billion

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18
Q

Why was China encouraged to have more children in 1949?

A

To have a bigger and stronger army

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19
Q

What was the ‘late, long and few’ policy?

A

To naturally decrease China’s population, people were encouraged to have children later in life, leave longer gaps between having children and have fewer of them.

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20
Q

What was the ‘one child’ policy?

A

Couples that had 1 child would be given benefits like longer maternity leave, better housing, and free education.

Couples that had more than 1 child didn’t get these benefits and were also fined

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21
Q

What are the benefits to China’s one child policy?

A

Prevented 400 million births, fertility rate dropped from 2.9 to 1.8

22
Q

What are the drawbacks to China’s one policy?

A

Ageing population, brutality with women being forced into abortion, many more men than women because baby girls were not wanted, overpopulated orphanages

23
Q

What is an ageing population?

A

More people 65+ than 65-

24
Q

What issues are caused by an ageing population?

A

Older people are dependent on the younger, working population

Healthcare services under strain bc older people need more care

People may have fewer children as they can’t afford lots of children when they’re looking after older relatives, this leads to a drop in birth rate

The more old people there is the lower the pensions will be and people have to retire later bc they can’t afford to live on a pension

Government get less taxes as only the working pay them

25
Q

What are the strategies of coping with an ageing population?

A

Encouraging larger families

Encouraging the immigration of young people from other countries

Raising the retirement age

Raising taxes of the working population

26
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one area to another

27
Q

What is immigration and emigration?

A

Immigration - people moving into an area

Emigration - people exiting an area

28
Q

What are some push factors of migration?

A 
Shortage of jobs 
Low wages 
Poor standard of life 
Poor education and healthcare
Being persecuted bc religion or political views 
War 
Natural disasters
29
Q

What are some pull factors of migration?

A 
More employment
Higher wages
Better standard of life
Better education and healthcare
Safer place e.g. little crime and no natural disasters
30
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Moving from one place to another within the same country

31
Q

What are the positive impacts to internal emigration?

A

Less pressure on healthcare or schools ect

Money is usually sent back to the country by emigrants

32
Q

What are the negative impacts to internal emigration?

A

Labour shortages as it is normally working people that emigrate

High proportion of elderly people left behind that don’t work and need care

33
Q

What are the positive impacts of internal immigration?

A

Bigger labour force

Migrant workers often pay taxes

34
Q

What are the negative impacts of internal immigration?

A

Competition for jobs

Increased demand on services e.g. healthcare, schools ect

Money earned by immigrants is sent back home rather than put back into the economy of destination country

35
Q

What are the ways of controlling internal migration?

A

Countries can choose who comes into their country based on age, education, work experience and whether they speak the language

Controlling illegal immigration

36
Q

What causes urbanisation?

A

Rural to urban migration

37
Q

What are the push factors in rural-urban migration?

A

Few jobs
Low wages
Lack of services in rural areas
Experiencing poor harvests

38
Q

What are the pull factors in rural-urban migration?

A

More jobs
Higher wages
Better services e.g. healthcare, electricity, clean water

39
Q

What are the impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?

A

Overcrowding
Increased traffic, pollution, waste
In LEDCs it leads to squatter settlements

40
Q

What are the impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?

A

As people move to the cities the population in rural areas decrease
Increasing elderly population as young people move away
Even fewer services, the lack of demand causes shops and other services to close

41
Q

What can be done to manage the impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?

A

Building more houses
Attracting more houses to create more jobs
Reducing traffic and pollution by encouraging public transport, cycling ect

42
Q

What can be done to manage the impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?

A

Investing in local services like healthcare
Giving loans and grants to businesses-encourages people to set up in rural areas
Improving local transport-will make travelling a lot easier for local people e.g. if they live in rural but work in the city

43
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

People moving out of cities into rural areas, common in MEDCs

44
Q

What are the push factors for counter urbanisation?

A

Pollution and traffic congestion
Crime rates
Everything is more expensive in cities

45
Q

What are the pull factors for counter urbanisation?

A

It is still possible to work in cities and live in rural areas bc improved transport links
Growth of IT means people have better communication and can work from home
New out of town business parks

46
Q

What are the impacts of counter urbanisation in rural areas?

A

Increased price for houses bc more demand

Commuters use shops closer to their work, which causes local shops to close

47
Q

How can you manage the impacts of counter urbanisation in rural areas?

A

Making policies that stop commuters or second home buyers from getting houses that the local people need
Investing in services

48
Q

How can you manage the impacts of counter urbanisation in urban areas?

A

Redeveloping urban areas e.g. making them more attractive

Regenerating shopping areas e.g. improving transport links

49
Q

What are the impacts of counter urbanisation in urban areas?

A

They become run down and disused

Commuters prefer to shop and work on the outskirts of the city so services and shops on the inner city close

50
Q

What are the 4 main parts a city can be split into?

A

CBD (central business district)- found in the centre of the city, where the shops and offices are

Inner city- found around the CBD, has a mix of poor quality housing and old industrial buildings

Suburbs- housing areas found outside the inner city

Rural-urban fringe- right at the edge of the city where there is both urban and rural land uses e.g. factories and farming

51
Q

Describe the CBD

A

It’s land uses are businesses e.g. shops & offices
It’s very busy and accessible
Has expensive land
Center point for entertainment e.g. cinemas ect.

Geography (14 decks)

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