Population and the environment

Question 1

What is population distribution?

Answer 1

Pattern of where people live

Question 2

What is population density?

Answer 2

Number of people per km^2

Question 3

Key physical factors affecting population density-Climate and farming

Answer 3

Rainfall, temperature, levels of solar radiation etc determine food productivity.

Many crops need temperatures of at least 5 degrees to grow whereas many livestock require crops in below 5 degrees.

Climate can also affect the level and nature of diseases, tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever will impact death rates and life expectancy.

Question 4

Key physical factors affecting population density-soil quality

Answer 4

Soil fertility depends on texture, organic matter, pH and nutrients.

These determine agricultural output and type of farming system.

Fertility can be maintained with fertilisers leading to high population density however this can lead to consequences such as:

water pollution, eutrophication, increased greenhouse gas emissions

Areas with fertile soils often associated with densely populated areas however some soils such as volcanic or alluvial soils are prone to hazards

Question 5

Key physical factors affecting population density-water

Answer 5

Key use is irrigation for food production but also used for hygeine and sanitation

Example - Egypt where 95% of its 80 million people live within 12 miles of the River Nile.

Question 6

Key physical factors affecting population density-resources

Answer 6

High concentrations of resources such as fossil fuels = densely populated areas due to industrialisation

Even when these resources become depleted, industry leaves a legacy in these areas allowing other tertiary industries to flourish.

Question 7

Impact of development processes on population size and distribution-Neolithic Revolution

Answer 7

Marked the transition from nomadic hunter gathers to agricultural settlements and civilisation.

Radical and important period of change in which humans began cultivating plants, breeding animals for food and forming permanent settlements.

Question 8

Causes of the neolithic revolution

Answer 8

Earth entered a warming trend 14000 years ago

In the fertile crescent wild wheat and barely began to grow as it got warmer

Question 9

Impact of development processes on population size and distribution-Industrial revolution

Answer 9

1760-1850 rapid rise in use of machinery and factories

Coincided with major population growth (Britain’s population doubled between these years)

Question 10

Fertility rate case study-Niger

Answer 10

Worlds fastest growing population, at 6.6 children per women

Income per capita of just $600 per year

98% of population muslim - large families seen as prestigious

77% of girls are married before the age of 18

However teenage pregnancies are falling and many religious leaders are advocating for contraception use.

Question 11

Fertility rate case study-Korea

Answer 11

On average a korean woman gives birth to her first child at 32.6 years old, which has increased from 30.2 years old a decade ago.

By 2100 korea’s population is estimated to fall by 54%

Post the 1950-53 Korean War the population doubled and in an effort to reverse this the government started encouraging couples to only have one child.

Question 12

The demographic transition model

Answer 12

Stage 1: High fluctuating birth and death rates, total population low and stable

Stage 2: High birth rates - increase then decrease and level, Death rates have reduced significantly, total population is seeing natural increase

Stage 3: Birth rates declining significantly, death rates declining steadily, total population rising quite significantly

Stage 4: Both birth and death rates fluctuating slowly, total population still slowly increasing but starting to stabilise and level off

Stage 5: Death rate slightly higher than birth rates, population declining

Question 13

Advantages/disadvantages of the DTM

Answer 13

Advantages:
Helps us to predict populations
Can be adjusted in the future
Can consider whether polices may be needed

Disadvantages:
No timescale - countries change at different rates
Based on research in Europe/North America
Assumes all countries will follow the same pattern
Does not offer reasons for the changes
Does not include the influence of migration, wars and pandemics
Assumes countries cannot move backwards

Question 14

DTM - Niger

Physical links to DTM

Answer 14

Does not really match stage 2 or 3- surprisingly low DR due to young population and aid.

Physical factors affecting DTM:
Sahel reigon. South Niger has a tropical climate. The niger basin has been impacted by desertification due to climate change

This means an inability to grow crops which means low GNI (600$), leading to a high infant mortality rate therefore high BR

Question 15

DTM - Niger human links to DTM

Answer 15

Sparsely populated in north due to sahel, lots of people in south, economy based on primary sector, subsistence farming, nomadic lifestyle

Conflict lead to high DR

98% muslim population and a culture of child marriage lead to high BR

Question 16

DTM - Canada physical links to DTM

Answer 16

Physical - Arctic, Tundra and temperate climate zones

Central canada - rolling fertile plains, rich in mineral resources, largest coastline in the world

Ability to farm crops and trade meant earlier development- more investment in healthcare and education so low BR and DR

Question 17

DTM - Canada human links to DTM

Answer 17

Tertiary economy, oil industry, multicultural society, welcoming to immigrants

Ageing populations- risk of high death rates and potentially natural decrease

Therefore Canada is allowing controlled migration to counteract this problem

Question 18

Problems of a youthful population

Answer 18

Children tend to be working eg in farms and therefore not in education

Much more costly for the economically active through taxes

Government have to spend a significant proportion of their budget on the youthful population

Question 19

Benefits of a youthful population

Answer 19

Can be seen as a potential asset for the country - do skilled jobs in the future, increased income in the future

Question 20

Benefits of an ageing population

Answer 20

Grandparents play a huge role in childcare

Skillset to pass on

Enable the younger generation to work by providing childcare

Question 21

Define demographic dividend

Answer 21

The demographic dividend is the economic boost a country gets when it’s working population outnumbers its dependants

There are more people who are economically active than dependents giving the country an economic boost.

Question 22

Define migration

Answer 22

Migration is the movement of people across a specified boundary in order to establish a new permanent or semi permanent residence

It can take place locally, nationally or globally

Question 23

Whats the difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee

Answer 23

Asylum seeker - Fled country due to fear of death/persecution. Seeking international protection but claim for refugee status not yet determined.

Refugee - An asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been successful under the 1951 UN refugee convention and they are granted refugee status in a new country to live there permanently

Question 24

Migration statistics

Answer 24

2/3 of all international migrants living in just 20 countries

1/3 originated from only 10 countries

Forced migration rising considerably in the last 10 years

Women and girls account for 48% of migrants

Few governments are seeking to lower the number of immigrants

Question 25

Demographic implications on host country

Answer 25

Migrants in reproductive age groups means an increase in BR - balances population structure if previously ageing Increase in economically active

Question 26

Social implications on host country

Answer 26

Cultural advantages of new food, music, fashion Pressure on maternal, infant healthcare and schools Can give rise to ethnic and racial tensions Migrants may settle in concentrated areas and become segregated

Question 27

Political implications on host country

Answer 27

Some governments of overpopulated countries may encourage emigration to gain socioeconomic advantages or as an anti natal strategy Processes to control immigration Growth of RW racist organisations Rise of anti immigration political parties Resentment towards migrants

Question 28

Economic implications on host country

Answer 28

Overcomes any labour/skill shortages May provide a more competitive workforce in times of recession Working migrants pay taxes Increased size of workforce and reduced dependency Pressure on jobs - may lead to unemployment

Question 29

Environmental implications on host country

Answer 29

Pressure on land for development- roads, housing Increased demand for energy, water and food puts pressure on natural resources

Question 30

Health implications at host country

Answer 30

Spread of communicable diseases being transmitted may become more likely - migrants move from areas of higher disease prevalence Increased pressure on health services due to a rise in infectious diseases Many developing countries lose doctors and other medically trained staff to countries that can afford to pay higher wages

Question 31

Demographic implications on home country

Answer 31

lower birth rates - people of child bearing age leave population structure - ageing population remain loss of economically active

Question 32

Social implications on home country

Answer 32

Loss of traditional culture Breakup of families/communities

Question 33

Economic implications of home country

Answer 33

Reduced pressure on food/energy/water Less unemployment as fewer in workforce Remittances sent home from migrants Migrants develop new skills which they can bring home Lose most educated/skilled from workforce May create a dependency on remittances Less agricultural/industrial production

Question 34

Political implications on the home country

Answer 34

Pressure to redevelop an area in decline May introduce pro natal polices or incentives to retain skilled workers

Question 35

Environmental implications of home country

Answer 35

Farmland, buildings and sometimes whole villages may be left abandoned Less environmental managment

Question 36

Health implications of home country

Answer 36

Less pressure on health services however the most vulnerable may be left behind and remain at risk

Question 37

Agricultural productivity

Answer 37

Measure of the economic performance of agriculture Measured in terms of yield

Question 38

Why has agricultural productivity increased

Answer 38

Past 55 year’s productivity has increased at an average of 2.5%-3% each year due to Extensification - particularly in LICs where land is still available Intensification - additional inputs such as machinery, fertilisers and pesticides have increased productivity TFP - better/more precise use of inputs, based on scientific research and development

Question 39

Total Factor Productivity (TFP)

Answer 39

ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs

Question 40

How could TFP improve for crops?

Answer 40

Higher yielding crops Drought/flood tolerant crops More efficient and timely cultivation and harvesting practices Disease resistance crops Using technology that indicate precisely when and how much water and fertilisers to apply

Question 41

How could TFP improve for raising livestock?

Answer 41

Using better animal care Using better disasase management practises Using higher quality animal feed Breeding animals for favourable genetic qualities and behaviour

Question 42

How has agricultural productivity changed

Answer 42

TFP increased from 0.2% in 1961 to 1.98% in 2001, and then decreased again to 1.28% in 2011 Input use has decreased from 2.2% in 1961 to 0.3% in 2011

Question 43

Limiting factors of climate

Answer 43

Temperature - frost-free days Wind storm - frequency Precipitation - Water supply and evaporation

Question 44

Limiting factors of soil

Answer 44

Water retention or leaching Depth Aeration pH Mineral content Structure Texture

Question 45

Optima and limits model

Answer 45

The optimum conditions are the ideal growing conditions which maximise productivity. Outside of the optimum, costs increase and yields decrease Many crop types have been hybridised or modified by scientists to be tolerant to a wider range of climatic and soil conditions

Question 46

Characteristics of polar climates

Answer 46

Winter temperatures often below -40 degrees Summer temperatures range from -10 degrees to 10 degrees Precipitation is generally less than 100mm per year Ice caps Tundra - permanently frozen permafrost

Question 47

Distribution of polar climates

Answer 47

Above 66 degree latitude in the Northern and Southern hemispheres Arctic - Greenland, Northern Canada and Russia Antarctica

Question 48

Population of polar climates

Answer 48

Occupied by 13.1m people spread between 8 countries Population density of less than four people per square km.

Question 49

Human activity in polar climates

Answer 49

Number of people living there has increased due to improved healthcare for indigenous populations and discoveries of vast natural resources (oil and gas) This led to a large influx of immigrants 2/3 of the population in large settlements, however indigenous people still spread out

Question 50

Characteristics of an arid climate

Answer 50

Usually less than 250mm of rainfall per year Hot deserts - temps over 40 degrees Temperate deserts - Temps range from 0 to 30 degrees

Question 51

Distribution of arid climates

Answer 51

Hot deserts around 30 degrees north and south of the equator Such as the sahara desert in northern africa

Question 52

Population of arid climates

Answer 52

Low. sahara desert - around 2.5m Population density - 0.4 per square km Population distribution is uneven as majority of people live around water sources

Question 53

Human activity - arid climates

Answer 53

Water drawn from oases, irrigation for crops Native people are nomadic Motorised pumps make groundwater more accessible Major cities have still managed to develop if they have had money for water obtainment (Las vegas)

Question 54

Effects of climate change on food security

Answer 54

70m more people predicted to be at risk of hunger by 2030 Crop dependant countries in the tropics will be hardest hit, ie Malwai who’s gdp is expected to decrease by 38% Climate change will reduce nutrionial quality, with wheat containing 6-12% less protein and 7% less iron

Question 55

Effects of climate change on flooding

Answer 55

Asia-pacific likely to be hardest hit Agriculture likely to be most impacted sector - dependance on climate and weather Almost 60% of the population in the Asia-pacific region living in rural areas. Almost a million people will have their livelihoods affected

Question 56

3 reasons why food production may not meet the demands of the growing population

Answer 56

Crop yields levelling off in many parts of world Ocean health declining Decline in natural resources

Question 57

How much more food needs to be produced by 2050 to feed 9 billion people

Answer 57

70% more

Question 58

Suggest three ways climate change is affecting agriculture

Answer 58

Shifting agroecosystem boundaries More frequent extreme weather events Increasing temperatures

Question 59

What percentage of greenhouse gas emissions are affected by agriculture

Answer 59

19-29%

Question 60

Summarise the three main outcomes of CSA

Answer 60

Increased productivity - Increased nutrition and incomes Less vulnerable to pests and can withstand shorter seasons and more extreme weather Less emissions for each calorie or kilo producted

Question 61

Summarise the impact of CSA in china

Answer 61

Better water use efficiency - 44000 hectares of land Production of rice has increassd by 12% and maize by 9% 29000 farmers on higher incomes

Question 62

Summarise the impact of CSA in Niger

Answer 62

Improved drought tolerant seeds, more efficient irrigation, expanded use of forestry Helped 34000 farmers more sustainably manage their land Brought 79000 hectares under more sustainable farming

Question 63

Summarise the impact of CSA in pakistan

Answer 63

11900 watercourses have been improved Half a million farm families directly benefitting More than 15000 full time jobs created

Question 64

Large impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity

Answer 64

Tropics or equatorial reigons - crop yields decrease by about 50% in places such as Egypt with a 3 celsuis increase 50% decrease on average Indonesian coastline and other asia-pacific reigons threatened by increased sea levels Most countries will experience a negative change Excessive heat reducing water availability and leading to desertification - Sahel Population increase expected to be 10b in 2050.

Question 65

Small impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity

Answer 65

Richer countries have money and technology to mitigate the impacts, eg modifying crops Colder winters can be managed by using greenhouses to grow crops Some countries will still be experiencing crop yield increase’s particularly Scandinavian countries, due to increased temperatures CSA eg in Pakistan, Kenya and China to increase productivity and reduce vulnerability

Question 66

Soil Horizons - Organic Layer

Answer 66

Upper most layer Rich in organic matter - remains of plants/dead animals Typically black/dark brown

Question 67

Soil horizons- Topsoil

Answer 67

Maximum organic matter of the soil - humus, most nutrients, insects, worms, centipedes, bacteria, fungi Humus makes the topsoil highly porous, allows it to hold air + moisture necessary for seed germination Roots stretch down holding soil together

Question 68

Soil horizons- Eluviation

Answer 68

Nutrients which have been leached from above layer Leaching of clay, minerals and organic matter = high conc of sand, silt, quartz and other resistant materials

Question 69

Soil Horizons - Subsoil

Answer 69

Less organic content but still rich in minerals Reigon of deposition of metals ie iron oxides and calcium cabron Farmers mix subsoil and topsoil when ploughing fields

Question 70

Soil Horizons - Parent Rock

Answer 70

All other layers developed from this Doesn’t have organic matter, broken up bed rock Plant roots cannot penetrate

Question 71

Soil Horzions - Bedrock

Answer 71

Consists of unweathered igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rock Compact

Question 72

Characteristics of latosols

Answer 72

Under tropical rainforests O horizons thick but when leaf litter decomposes the nutrients are absorbed so the A horizon is thin Silicate minerals leached from B, iron and aluminium left behind

Question 73

Latosols and people

Answer 73

Low nutrient content however humans have adapted via slash and burn Large areas of land cleared for agriculture leading to soil degradation Laterite horizon useful for building

Question 74

Characteristics of podzols

Answer 74

Acidic, occur in cool temperate climates Water able to dissolve iron + aluminium Leaching forms E horizon - quartz and silt Minerals accumulate- red/brown layer Hard pan - layer of deposited iron

Question 75

Podzols and people

Answer 75

Arable farming difficult as acidity/poor nutrients Soil vulnerable to waterlogging and makes ploughing difficult Extensive artificial fertilisation Forestry common human activity

Question 76

What is soil erosion

Answer 76

The wearing away of the topsoil by wind and water

Question 77

Causes of soil erosion

Answer 77

Ploughing - loosens soil making it more vulnerable Climate - heavy rainfall leads to water erosion also if soil is drier more susceptible to wind erosion Topography - soil more likely to be washed down a slope Deforestation - roots cant hold soil in place

Question 78

Impacts of soil erosion on agriculture

Answer 78

Removes nutrients and reduces soil moisture In the past 40 years nearly 1/3 of the worlds arable land has become unproductive 36b tonnes of topsoil lost each year 5-7m hectares of productive land lost through erosion and degradation each year

Question 79

Soil erosion - management strategies

Answer 79

Cover crops Contour ploughing Terracing - steps cut into hillsides Mulching - covering soil with plant material

Question 80

What is waterlogging

Answer 80

when the spaces between soil particles fill with water

Question 81

Causes of waterlogging

Answer 81

Few airspaces ie in clay Hard pans hinder drainage eg podzols Precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration Too much irrigation

Question 82

Impacts of waterlogging on agriculture

Answer 82

Plant roots can rot Water reduces soil temperature so reduced plant growth Weeds often cope better with waterlogged conditions than crops Land is harder to plough

Question 83

Waterlogging - management strategies

Answer 83

Avoid overwatering through irrigation Drain the soil using underground pipes Add sand to clay soils

Question 84

Causes of salinisation

Answer 84

Dry climates and low precipitation - excessive salts aren’t flushed away High evaporation rate - adds salts to ground surface Sea level rise when sea salts seep into lower lands

Question 85

Impacts of salinisation on agriculture

Answer 85

Affects over 100 countries Affects 10% of all arable land and can rise to 25% when irrigation is used If there is more salt then soil in a plant crops can’t grow

Question 86

Salinisation - management strategies

Answer 86

Flush soil with lots of water, however this can have a knock on effect and lead to salinisation of rivers or groundwater instead, eg lower colardo river valley Use drip irrigation

Question 87

Example of a salinisation management strategy - Mexico

Answer 87

Mexican farmers could no longer use the river water so forced the USA to build a desalination plant near the border

Question 88

Causes of structural deterioration

Answer 88

Heavy machinery Trampling by livestock or people Deforestation- plant roots hell maintain soil structure Salinisation of clay soils cause particles to clump together

Question 89

Structural deterioration - management strategies

Answer 89

Plant trees (agro-forestry) - trees replenish organic material on the surface Rotate crops to allow weakened soils to recover Use tractors over the same pathways rather than a wide area Avoid working with soils when they are wet as they are more likely to become compact

Question 90

What is food security?

Answer 90

Availability - a country produces and imports a sufficient amount of food Access - People must be able to regularly obtain food whether it is through buying or producing Utilisation- food that people consume must be nutritious and stored in a safe and hygienic way Stability - Availability access and utilisation remains sustainable for future generations

Question 91

What is environmental resistance

Answer 91

A group of environmental limiting factors that prevent survival Climate, soil, geology, topography

Question 92

Global causes of death

Answer 92

Worlds biggest killer - Ischaemic Heart disease - 16% of total world deaths. Rising from 2 million in 2000 to 8.9m deaths in 2019 Respiratory infections worlds most deadly communicable disease however decreased to 2.6m deaths in 2019, 46000 fewer than in 2020 One of the largest declines in the no of deaths is diarrhoeal diseases - global deaths decreased from 2.6m in 2000 to 1.5m in 2019

Question 93

Epidemiological Transition model

Answer 93

1) Age of infection and famine (LE:20-40), poor sanitation and unreliable food leading to nutritional deficiencies 2) Age of receding pandemics (LE:30-50), Improved sanitation, better diet, discovery of penicillin in 1928 reducing death from infections 3) Age of degenerative and man made diseases (LE:50-60), addictions, poor diet and exercise, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking related cancers 4) Age of delayed degenerative disease - (LE:70+), reduced risk behaviours, health promotion, disease prevention, heart disease and cancers remain but life expectancy increases 5a)Age of inactivity and obesity (potential reversal of LE): alarming rate of obesity, diabetes and chronic heart disease 5b) Emergence of new or reemergence of known communicable diseases (Reversal in LE) - Globalisation increases disease diffusion by travel, increases pop density and poverty, may cause pandemics due to diseases spreading rapidly and may see known diseases such as tb and scarlet fever again

Question 94

Diseases likely to be caused by precipitation

Answer 94

Flood events can cause sewage systems to overflow which increases water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid

Question 95

Diseases likely to be caused by relief

Answer 95

High altitudes - skin cancer (increased exposure to UV rays) High altitudes reduce the prevalence of some diseases such as malaria which needs minimum temps of 20 degrees

Question 96

Diseases caused by sunlight

Answer 96

Lack of sunlight - Vitamin D deficiency Can lead to bone loss, kidney disease and intestinal problems Very little sunlight can affect mental health - Arctic countries have a higher rate of seasonal affective disorder

Question 97

Diseases causes by temperature

Answer 97

Higher temps - higher incidence of pollen - hay fever Airborne respiratory diseases - influenza thrives in temperate climates Warmer temperatures increase likelihood of food borne diseases as harder to keep food stored properly ie salmonella Zico virus only found in warm, tropical, wet climates ie Brazil 2016 outbreak

Question 98

Successes of Doctors without borders

Answer 98

Funding from individual donors (in 2019 96.2% was from 6.5m individuals) allowing independence - Does NOT allow funding from companies which do not allign with its views ie tobacco companies In 2021; Treated 2.681m malaria cases

Question 99

Limitations of doctors without borders

Answer 99

They sometimes struggle to keep up with the intensity of conflict such as in Sudan where many of the team were trapped due to violence In north dafur all hospitals were forced to shut - nowhere to refer patients

Question 100

Successes of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Answer 100

Contributed more than 2 billion US dollars to “The Global Fund” to fight aids, Tb and malaria which is a partnership between private and public sectors for global health financing Worked with patients to pull together scientists and CEOs to test drugs for covid vaccine

Question 101

Failures of Bel & Melinda Gates foundation

Answer 101

Does not fund: Direct donations of grants to individuals Projects addressing health problems in developed countries

Question 102

Successes of British Heart Foundation

Answer 102

Pressured government to introduce a sugar levy on soft drink industry - help tackle obesity Campaigned for the introduction of standardised cigarette packaging so the products seem less attractive and deter people

Question 103

Failures of British Heart Foundation

Answer 103

Affiliated with government may be a bias on what they do and dont campaign for

Question 104

Successes of World Health Organization

Answer 104

1970s led to the eradication of smallpox 1988 - Launched a global polio eradication initiative and reduced cases by 99% by 2006

Question 105

Successes of UNAIDS

Answer 105

In Eastern and Southern Africa HIV infections reduced by 38% since 2010

Question 106

Character, scale and patterns of population change in Japan

Answer 106

3rd largest economy in world. GNI per capita is $41900 Estimated that by 2050 Japan's economy will decrease by 20% to around 100 million Over 60s comprise 28% of population Birth rates 7 per 1000 Death rates 11 per 1000 Stage 5 DTM

Question 107

Environmental factors - Japan

Answer 107

92% urban population - tokyo and osaka Hazardous as several continental playes meet Fertile soils and temperate climate so intensive agricultural production Agriculture is highly subsidised (rice main crop) Meat imported to ensure food security

Question 108

Socio-economic factors - Japan

Answer 108

Excellent healthcare, sanitation and high living standards Low fat diets so few obesity or heart problems Cleaner air - public transport is popular and fewer fossil fuels Later marriage reduces child bearing window Contraception accessible and widely used - no religious taboos Cost of education rising but wages staying still. Costs around $100,000 to fund one child through high school (low BR)

Question 109

Positive implications of population change - Japan

Answer 109

Globalisation - manufacturing industry is very successful. Income from large TNCs such as Toyota and Sony bring in income to support domestic economy Growth in a number of private hospitals for the elderly creating jobs and income Embracing new AI tech to build robot carers to help the elderly helping to fill some shortfalls in healthcare workers and carers - worth $2b to economy

Question 110

Population growth dynamics- density independent and density dependent factors

Answer 110

Density independent - natural hazards etc will increase the death rate regardless of population size Density dependent - Food supply and disease become more prevalent in limiting growth as population size and density increases

Question 111

Population growth dynamics - what is biotic potential

Answer 111

Number of births is controllved by natural reproductive potential of species related to survival rate of the young of the species

Question 112

Population growth dynamics - what is environmental resistance

Answer 112

The number of deaths is controlled by natural env. factors which prevent survival

Question 113

General AO1 - Malaria

Answer 113

2020 nearly half of the worlds population in 90 countries were at risk WHO - African reigon was home to 95% of cases in 2020 There was an estimated 247m cases of malaria in 2021

Question 114

Malaria - Links to physical environment and seasonal incidence

Answer 114

Mosquitos breed in stagnant water - Transmission greatest after Rainy Season Fewer cases at too high and low altitudes Need temps of between 16 and 32 degrees to develop

Question 115

Malaria - socioeconomic factors

Answer 115

Occupation - Agricultural workers are more exposed to mosquitos especially those who live near to irrigation water, or may sleep outside. In Ethipoia highland farmers who seasonally migrant to lowlands are more prone to infection Nearly 2/3 of the DALY's are concentrated amongst the poorest 20% of the population Due to lack of investment in frugs and vaccines and programmes Education - In malawi net ownership was largely absent in homes where the head of the household had not completed primary education

Question 116

Malaria - impact on health and well being

Answer 116

Kills a child every two minutes Infection during pregnancy associated with severe anemia and contributes to low birth rates - infant mortality

Question 117

Malaria - impact on health and well being

Answer 117

Kills a child every two minutes Infection during pregnancy associated with severe anemia and contributes to low birth rates - infant mortality

Question 118

Malaria - Impact on economy

Answer 118

Costs to individuals - Travel to/treatment at clinics, Purchasing drugs, Loss of income from missed work, Purchase of nets Costs to government - Maintaining healthcare facilities, Purchasing public equipment, Loss of revenue from taxes during absences In many parts of Africa malaria accounts for up to 40% of public health spending

Question 119

Managing malaria - Vector control

Answer 119

Draining swamplands with stagnant water Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITN), sleeping under this is a low cost strategy and physical barrier. Can reduce transmission by 90% when implemented efficiently Repellent sprays although they are developing increasing resistance

Question 120

Malaria - Medicine

Answer 120

Anti malarial drugs reccomended to pregnant woman by the WHO as they can surprass the blood stage of the infection however parasite is becoming resistant to this Vaccines - recent discovery, shown some success, approx 4 in 10 cases have been prevented over 4 year period

Question 121

Coronary heart disease (CHD) - General AO1

Answer 121

Leading cause of death worldwide - 9.5 m deaths annually 3/4 are in low and middle income countries Highest mortality in eastern europe, northern and central asia and parts of north africa - very widespread

Question 122

CHD - links to physical environment

Answer 122

Air quality - PM2.5 from industry and transport systems increases risk of CHD. Airborne pollutants from industrialisation in general. Climate - Extreme cold puts additional strain on cardiovascular system Overall Links between CHD and physical environmental and linited. Lifestyle choices more important

Question 123

CHD - Links to socio economic factors

Answer 123

Estimated that 75-85% of people dying from CHD have one or more major risk factors that are influenced by negative lifestyles (poor diet, smoking, physical inactivity) Tobacco use - 20,000 deaths each year from CVD can be attributed to smoking, lowers good cholesterol, blood more likely to clot reducing flow to the heart and brain. Infrequent exercise - Estimated that 35% of CHD mortality in the US is due to physical inactivity

Question 124

CHD - management

Answer 124

Introduce polies ie indoor smoking ban in UK in 2007 Education - Health campaigns ie world heart day , blood pressure testing, encouraging exercise and promoting healthy eating Blood thinning medicines ie aspirin to thin blod clots Statins to reduce cholesterol levels