Population and the environment Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
birth rate
A
number of live births per 1000 born each year
2
Q
death rate
A
number of deaths per 1000 per year
3
Q
fertility rate
A
average number of children women has
4
Q
infant mortality rate
A
number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 born each year
5
Q
life expectancy
A
the age at which a person can expect to live to
6
Q
migration rate
A
permanent or semi permanent movement of people from one area to another
7
Q
population density
A
number of people per unit area
8
Q
population distribution
A
where the population is located
9
Q
replacement rate
A
level of fertility where women only have enough children to replace herself and partner
10
Q
mortality rate
A
incidence of death in population over given period
11
Q
morbidity rate
A
state of being ill or diseased
12
Q
carrying capacity
A
maximum number of people an area can support given the level of resources and technology
13
Q
DTM stage 1
A
High birth rate - lack of contraception, high child mortality
High death rate - lack of healthcare, poor hygiene and sanitation
Total population low and fluctuating
14
Q
DTM stage 2
A
High birth rate - no contraception, children beneficial to work
Decreasing death rate - developing healthcare
Total population increasing
15
Q
DTM stage 3
A
Decreasing birth rate - education, contraception
Death rate decreases - medical developments
Total population increases exponentially
16
Q
DTM stage 4
A
Birth rate low - contraception developed and available
Death rate low - wide access to healthcare
Total population high
17
Q
DTM stage 5
A
Decreasing birth rate - ageing population don’t have children, expensive
Death rate increases - ageing population
Total population decreases
18
Q
Demographic dividend
A
A period of economic growth a country can experience due to a change in its age structure
Leading to better living standards, higher incomes and growth
19
Q
What preconditions are needed for a demographic dividend?
A
Low fertility
Social, economic, political policies focusing on family planning, education, reproductive health and employment opportunities
20
Q
Asylum seeker
A
a person who has fled their origin country and cannot return due to fear of death
21
Q
Economic migrant
A
Person who has voluntarily left their country to seek employment in another
22
Q
Refugee
A
A person fleeing danger
23
Q
Migration push factors
A
War
Conflict
Political instability
Ethnic / religious persecution
Natural disasters
Unemployment
Resource shortages
24
Q
Migration pull factors
A
Job opportunities
Better living standards
Healthcare
Education
Political stability
25
Origin country - demographic implications of migration
Low birth rates as people of childbearing age leave
Ageing population
Loss of working male population
26
Origin country - social implications of migration
reduced pressure on education and healthcare
Loss of culture
Loss of qualified workers / brain drain
27
Origin country - economic implications of migration
Reduced pressure on food, water and energy
Less unemployment
Migrants develop skills to bring back
high dependency ratio
Less agricultural output
Declining services
28
Origin country - political implications of migration
Pressure to re-develop areas in decline
May introduce pro natal policies
29
Origin country - environmental implications of migration
Villages abandoned
Less management
30
Origin country - health implications of migration
Less pressure on services
Migrants leave areas with infectious disease
31
Host country - demographic implications of migration
Balances age structure if ageing population
Increased birth rates
Increase male population of working age
32
Host country - social implications of migration
Cultural advantages (food)
Pressure on healthcare
Pressure on education
Migrants may cause social problems
Rise of ethnic and racial tensions
Increased crime
Resentment towards migrants
33
Host country - economic implications of migration
Overcomes skill shortages
Migrants spend money within economy
Workforce size increases
Reduces dependency ratio
Pressure on jobs
34
Host country - political implications of migration
Pressure to control migration
Rise of anti immigration parties
Growth of racist organisations
35
Host country - environmental implications of migration
Pressure on land
Pressure on resources
36
Host country - health implications of migration
Pressure on healthcare
Infectious diseases transmitted
Health tourism
Language barriers
37
Ecological footprint
Global hectares available for each person on the planet
38
Underpopulation
too few people in an area to use resources efficiently
e.g. iceland, canada
39
Optimum population
Theoretical population which when working with available resources will produce highest standard of living
e.g. UK, germany
40
Overpopulation
Too many people in an area relative to the amount of resources
e.g. Chad
41
Thomas Malthus
believed that there was a limit to number of people who could live on earth
42
Malthusian catastrophe
occurs when population becomes too high to be sustained by food sources and leads to death and conflict
43
Positive checks
Ways to reduce population
e.g. war, disease, famine
44
Negative checks
Postponement of marriage, abstinence and moral restraint in order to reduce population and birth rates
45
Esther Boserup
Believed use of technology will allow population growth
46
Club of Rome
Followed Malthusian theory and believed if present growth trends in population continue then limits to growth on planet will be reached in 100 years
47
Green revolution
Term used to describe transformation of agriculture in developing nations between 1940s and 1960s
48
Advantages of green revolution
Yield per unit farmland increased by 30%
Saved 1 billion lives
HYVs needed more water and fertilisers which led to growth of manufacturing
Increased incomes
Better nutrition
Decline in poverty
Food prices dropped
Reduced famines
49
Disadvantages of green revolution
Manufacturing and mechanisation led to structural unemployment
Irrigation not always possible
Farmers couldn't afford fertilisers and pesticides
Farmers with less then 1 hectare became poorer
Lots of fertilisers became expensive
Environmental degradation
Increased gap between the rich and poor
Eutrophication poisoned water supplies
Worries about long term use of chemicals in food
Irrigation using water
50
Aero farms
Verticle farming method run by technology
390x more land efficient
Uses 95% less water
Pesticide free
51
Iron ox farms
Controlled by robots
Uses 90% less water
30x crops per acre
52
Babylon micro farms
Use of hydroponics
Uses 90% less water
Grow twice as fast
No pesticides or fertilisers
53
Hydroponics
Growth of plants without soil
54
Agriculture as a system - inputs
Temperature, precipitation, wind, soil, machinery, fertilisers
55
Agriculture as a system - Processes
Ploughing, seeding, weeding, application of fertilisers, harvesting, feeding, milking
56
Agriculture as a system - Output
Cereal crops, veg crops, animal products
57
Agriculture
the ability to grow food, raise cattle and provide biological products through farming
58
Arable
growing crops
59
Livestock
raising animals
60
Commercial farming
crops grown and sold for profit
61
Subsistence farming
crops provide for only farmer and farmers family, excess may be sold
62
Intensive farming
small scale farming
63
Capital intensive farming
money invested in order to produce food but few employees and output per hectare is high
64
Labour intensive farming
Large numbers of workers
65
Extensive farming
Large scale farming
66
Agricultural productivity
amount of output from a field or farm
67
Yield
Amount of crop grown in a particular growing season
68
Monocultures
farm only growing one crop
69
High yield varieties
produce two harvests in one growing season
70
Genetic modification
altering of genes to improve crop characteristics e.g. taste, resistance to disease
71
Physical factors influencing agricultural activity and productivity
Winds and storms
Temperature
Relief
Precipitation
Soil quality
72
Aridisols
make up 12% of soils
receive less than 250mm of water per year
73
Tropical red latosols
5 degrees N and S of the equator
Infertile due to leaching and erosion
Climate promotes perfect growing conditions
74
Types of agriculture in Latosols
Cattle farming
Intensive farming
Rubber tapping
Soya farming
75
Soil erosion
Removal of natural vegetation cover leaves ground exposed
76
Waterlogging
occurs when water table rises to point of salt saturation and the anaerobic environment leads to the death of root tissue
77
Salinisation
Water evaporates leaving a salty crust on the surface of the soil
78
Structural deterioration
caused by the reduction in soil organic matter or the compaction of the soil potentially due to farming
79
Sustainable agriculture practices
Replanted trees
Wind breaks
Varied crop types
Strip cultivation
Low density grazing
Natural manure
Contour ploughing
Terracing
80
Ageing population
refers to the rise in over 65s in a country
81
Economic impacts of an ageing population
State pensions expensive
Reduces gov spending elsewhere
High dependency ratio so taxes need to be raised as less people paying
Free bus passes
Energy allowances
Job opportunities within healthcare
New business opportunities to cater toward older population
82
Social impacts of an ageing population
People move to quieter areas for better quality of life
Loneliness and social isolation
83
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and the absence of disease
84
Public health
aspect of medical activity directed towards improving the health of the whole community
85
Wellbeing
State of being in good health and happiness
86
Case mortality
Number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of people diagnosed by the disease
87
Epidemiology
The study of the origin, distribution, spread and occurence of a disease,
88
Attack rate
Number of cases diagnosed in the area divided by the total population
89
Epidemic
When a disease is widespread in a particular community
90
Pandemic
When a disease is widespread over a whole country or world
91
Chronic illness
Illness that lasts a long time or constantly reoccurs
92
D.A.L.Y
disease adjusted life years
years lost to ill health
93
Epidemiological transition model
Shows the development and change in types of disease over a period of time
94
ETM - Phase 1
Age of pestilence and famine
Malnutrition and infectious disease
Life expectancy = 35
Communicable disease
95
ETM - Phase 2
Age of receding pandemics
Life expectancy = 50
Degenerative diseases
Includes LICs and NEEs
96
ETM - Phase 3
Age of degenerative and anthropogenic diseases
Life expectancy = 60
97
ETM - Phase 4
Age of delayed degenerative diseases
Cancer and cardiovascular disease
Life expectancy = 70
98
ETM - Phase 5
Era of health regression
Disease adapt and mutate
99
Increased access to food - health
Population stronger and healthier
Could lead to diseases of affluence
Increased economic growth
Less reliance on agriculture
100
Increased access to clean water - health
Population healthier and stronger
Less waterborne diseases
Less vector borne diseases
Improves sanitation
101
Drainage and health
flooding leads to contaminated water and forces migration
102
Relief and health
Stagnant water collects at lowest points in the landscape and acts as breeding grounds for vectors
103
Altitude and health
Can increase sun exposure and therefore skin cancer risk
104
Precipitation and health
Vectors need water to breed
105
Temperature and health
Many vectors have optimum temperatures and infectious diseases are more common in tropical areas
106
Extreme events and health
Heavy rainfall leads to flooding which can result in the contamination of water sources and stagnant water
107
Malaria
Life threatening disease causes by plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to people through the bite of the female anopheles mosquito
108
Causes of malaria
Stagnant water
Optimum temp (27)
Abandoned rubbish and waste
Inadequate drainage
Urbanisation leading to an increase in slums (population density)
109
Impacts of malaria
Days off work reduce income
Families look for alternative methos due to expensive treatments which are ineffective
Lack of tourism and foreign investment
110
Management of malaria
Destroying mosquito populations - oil
Gambusia
Chemical pesticides and fumigation
Repellents
Mosquito nets
Natural repellents
Medication
111
Coronary heart disease
most common type of heart and circulatory disease
disease of affluence
non communicable
112
Causes
Air quality
Extreme temperatures putting pressure on the heart
Social deprivation
Tobacco
Alcohol
High blood pressure
Poor nutrition
Obesity
Diabetes
Sedentary lifestyles
Ethnicity
Family history
113
Impacts of CHD
angina
heart attacks
heart failure
constant medication
cost of healthcare for gov and individual
loss of income
loss of productivity
114
Management of CHD
policy and legislation
medical treatments and prevention
health education
115
How will agricultural productivity be impacted by climate change?
Rising temperatures - increasing evaporation and therefore salinisation
Changing precipitation - Dry areas become drier, rainy season will be more intense and shorter (length of growing season reduced)
Extreme weather - Increase in intensity and frequency which damages harvests
Rising sea levels - Causing saltwater intrusion and death of crops
Pests and disease - rising temperatures mean more areas reaching the optimum temperature for vectors such as mosquitoes
116
How are nutritional standards impacted by climate change?
Decrease crop yields in tropical regions meaning an increase in hunger and famine
Food prices increase as agricultural productivity decreases
Availability of fruit and veg decreases
Changes to diet due to climate change will cause over 500,000 deaths
Increase in obesity and diabetes as prices of food increases
117
How are vector borne diseases impacted by climate change?
Currently over half of the world's population are at risk of vector borne disease
Temperature impacts the survival rates and reproductive of the vector
Precipitation impacts the vectors breeding grounds
Populations of ticks and sandflies are affected by humidity
Droughts may lead to increased irrigation and therefore more aquatic breeding grounds
1/6 of disability caused by vector borne diseases
118
How will thermal stress be impacted by climate change?
Climate change will lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves
Hotter summers and milder winters
Mostly impact the elderly and those with cardiovascular or respiratory problems
Populations in temperate climates (e.g. western and northern europe) most at risk due to lack of education
LICs at greatest mortality risk as they lack the resources to be able to adapt
119
Ozone layer
15-30 Km above the earths surface
Consists of ozone which is a highly reactive gas with 3 oxygen atoms per molecule)
Absorbs 90-100% of all UV rays
120
How has the ozone layer been depleted?
Affected by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were common in aerosols and fridges
UV rays break down CFCs into substances including chlorine
1 chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules
Montreal protocol led to a decrease in CFCs and the ozone layer has begun to recover
121
Melonoma
One in every 3 cancers diagnosed is skin cancer
Most common form of cancer in the UK
Risk Factors - sun exposure, history of sunburn, outdoor work, having fair skin, age and family history, radiotherapy, weakened immune systems, other skin conditions
122
Cataracts
Inflammation of the eye and sight becomes blurry which develops slowly
Can affect anyone but most common in the elderly
If left untreated can lead to permanent blindness
Estimated 12-15 million people worldwide go blind due to cataracts
Clouded lens replaced with artificial lens
