Population and the environment Flashcards

Question

what does food production depend on?

Answer 1

Both environmental and human variables. - climate (water stress) - technology - pesticides - soil

Answer 2

- tropical storms can destroy crops - summer of extreme temps leads to crops failing - having a lack of rainfall means that its difficult for plants to grow - investing in a small scale irrigation system will improve water supply for crops - having very heavy rainfall leads to flooding, floods the plants, dies

Answer 3

- increased investment in biofuels means less land is used to produce crops for food - having lots of machinery supports the development of agribusiness so can produce a lot of food - TNC's investing in tech to improve food processing and production

Answer 4

- being able to buy pesticides means you can kill new pests, increasing food supply - with climate change more and more weeds and pests migrating north into our country from the equator. we will suffer more and so need to buy more pesticides.

Answer 5

- thin nutrient soils will lead to lower food production - if there are high-nutrient soils it means it'll be easier to produce crops and so will lead to higher production - soils that suffer from soil erosion are less likely to support crops

Answer 6

highest: central africa, Chad, DR Congo lowest: North America, central europe Generally the northern hemisphere have the lowest food security risk.

Answer 7

Areas with a high food production tend to have a lower security risk. Anomalie of Eastern Africa which has a high food production but still having food security risk. Perhaps it is because large TNC's invest and produce a lot of food but then sell it to foreign markets.

Answer 8

28% of the world's population | 2 billion people

Answer 9

they eat more meat. the amount of grains consumed are falling. these foods are more resource-intensive to produce compared to plant-based diets

Answer 10

- animals consume a lot of water for the amount of meat they produce, one pound of beef demands 1799 gallons of water - the larger the animal's body mass, the more is inedible material like bone, skin and tissue

Answer 11

an open system. inputs include physical, human and economic factors that determine the type of farming in an area, eg. precipitation, knowledge and farm size processes are the activities carried out to tun inputs to outputs outputs are the products from the farm, e.g the compost you produce

Answer 12

physical- temperature, precipitation, soil type cultural- rent, farm size economic- fertilisers/pesticides, market

Answer 13

- ploughing - weeding - milking

Answer 14

- soil erosion and leaching of soil nutrients - hazards such as drought, crop disease - change in demand

Answer 15

- seeds - compost - profits

Answer 16

a type of animal feed, is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock such as cattle, goats and sheep

Answer 17

grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions, typically in a silo without first being dried, and used as animal feed in the winter

Answer 18

1) temperature - in the UK growing season is 3 months, mean temp of 6º required 2) precipitation - determines water supply - extended drought in Africa leads to famine 3) wind - restricts cultivation of grain crops 4) soil quality - factors such as depth, pH and mineral content and vulnerability to leaching - influence crop production by their supply or deficit of soil moisture, in the UK potatoes fail if soil acidity falls to less than pH 4 5) relief - altitude, angle of slope and aspect - in the UK, the upper limit for hay and potatoes is 300m and more than 11 degrees becomes impractical for safe ploughing

Answer 19

``` commercial subsistence arable pastoral mixed intensive extensive ```

Answer 20

the growing of crops/rearing of livestock to make a profit. common in most countries. money invested back into farm

Answer 21

where there is just sufficient food produced to provide for the farmer's own family

Answer 22

involves the growing of crops

Answer 23

involves the rearing of livestock

Answer 24

involves a combination of arable and pastoral farming - most common form in the Uk as it takes advantage of our easily worked soil - mos productieve as high prices can be received from both crops and animal produce - temperature can't be extreme, must be able to sustain both crops and animals

Answer 25

where the farm size is small in comparison with the large amount of labour, inputs of capital, fertilisers, etc. which are required can either be capital intensive: more machinery so less people employed, output high per hectare and per worker or labour intensive: many people, output high per hectare but low per worker

Answer 26

where the size of a farm is very large in comparison to the inputs of money, labour etc. needed - hill sheep farming in the UK - low inputs of labour, machinery and capital

Answer 27

involves the large corporate organisation of farming- often farms are run for profit maximisation and economy of scale

Answer 28

tribes in the Guiana highlands of Venezuela clear a small area of rainforest by burning dried vegetation in order to produce fertile ash and then cultivate the plot for 3-5 years

Answer 29

the global agriculture and food security program is a demand-led multilateral mechanism dedicated to fighting hunger, malnutrition and poverty in developing nations. it supports sustainable agriculture.

Answer 30

- don't have the money to invest in sustainable ways of production - tough climate - corrupt government

Answer 31

- using science and technology, help produce more food - distributing food better, not distributed well due to turning corn into ethanol, wastage, all food divided by the population equally would be more than enough - support local food systems, critical to help due to global food markets, keep farmers and farms around the cities, sell at farmers markets - regulation and government policy in order to promote more sustainable farming

Answer 32

1) increase food production- Singapore have introduced rooftop farms, Comcrop's 600-square-metre farm on the roof of one of its malls uses vertical racks and grows herbs like basil and peppermint to sell to local restaurants, bars and stores, not enough room to plant otherwise 2) improving post-harvest practises- the UNDP developed seed storage facility in Myanmar to help this. 14 metallic silos so seeds don't decay and infested from birds/rodents. Post-harvest losses here are at 20%.

Answer 33

began in the mid 20th century where we saw a great increase in agriculture production which allowed many countries to develop new, high-yielding varieties. the earliest dramatic successes were in Mexico and the Indian subcontinent. the new varieties required a lot of fertilisers to produce their high yields which caused economic and environmental concern

Answer 34

a phase following the green revolution where agricultural biotechnology was heavily implemented. introduced the development of GM crops across the world. some say this is the only way forward for our growing population, climate change and drought. it is a way for poorer nations to stay afloat in the highly competitive global economy. with jus tone new strain of wheat, crop production levels were able to triple in two decades. more predictable production than in the 1940s.

Answer 35

- altitude - prevailing winds - ocean currents - latitude - tilt of the earth

Answer 36

this is the measure of the economic performance of agriculture. typical measured in terms of yield: - how many kilograms of grain per hectare - kilograms of meat per animal - litres of milk per cow Measure of productivity is total factor productivity (TFP)

Answer 37

Tropical monsoon - mainly situated along equator due to warm and humid conditions - over half of the world's pop live in over 21 asian countries affected by seasonal monsoon winds. Polar tundra - northern hemisphere, around the poles - regions with polar climate cover more than 20% of the climate

Answer 38

tropical monsoon - if importance were to be measured by the number of people affected, then the tropical monsoon climate would be the most important in the world polar tundra - not as big importance due to much lower population - tundra and ice cap regions of polar climates cover more than 20% of the earth

Answer 39

- wildfires, destruction of crops - droughts, death of crops, affect those on subsistence farming - storms, increased frequency and strength, drown crops - extreme temperatures, causing deaths - the ability to grow crops we would've otherwise had to import

Answer 40

one of their leading meteorologist says the "days of long duration rains are almost gone" - failure of the monsoon has already reduced food output by 20% - ministers reduced the country's growth projection this year just under 2% as drought hits crops throughout the country - in Maharashtra crop yields fell by more than 40%

Answer 41

Climate smart agriculture is an integrative approach to address the interlinked challenges related to food security and climate change through: 1) Economic means by sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, to support increases in farm incomes, food scurry and development 2) Social change by adapting the resilience of agriculture land food security systems to climate change 3) environmental means by reducing GG emissions from agriculture

Answer 42

- forest adaptation in their region for their large ecosystems - economy, industry of agriculture and forestry - struggling to cope with current climate variability like tropical cyclones

Answer 43

- increase disease and heat-related mortality - affect coastal communities with increased erosion - further alter water availability All of these will cost a lot of money for the country through the loss of agricultural revenue and these additional costs necessary for fighting these problems.

Answer 44

Indian Agricultural Research Institute They developed a set of interventions to conserve resources, adapt to climate change and improve livelihoods 1) Integrated crop management 2) Crop diversification 3) integrated water management (renovated village tanks) 4) animal based technologies for livelihood support (improve varieties with higher yield) 5) alternate income sources from non-farm based technologies (tailoring, preparation of chilli powder) 6) Village resource centres (access to information through noticeboards, internet)

Answer 45

due to higher temperatures it means that permafrost will melt. this will lead to the release of GG which means temperatures will continue to rise. this means further permafrost will melt. this is a continued loop.

Answer 46

the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks. it is made up mainly of mineral particles, organic materials, air, water and living organisms.

Answer 47

the process by which heavy rainfall infiltrates through a soil, removing humus and nutrients in solution

Answer 48

the dark organic material in soils, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and essential to the fertility of the earth.

Answer 49

the animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat or geological period

Answer 50

the downward movement of water through pores and other space in soil due to gravity

Answer 51

the evaporation of water from a plant's leaves, stem, flowers, or roots back into the atmosphere

Answer 52

occurs in soil that has few micro-organisms or animals, such as earthworms, to decompose the organic matter that lies on the soil surface- usually where the soil is acidic

Answer 53

parent material is the underlying geological material in which soil horizons form. soils typically inherit a great deal of structure and minerals from their parent material.

Answer 54

- sustain 95% of food production - host more than 1/4 of the earth's biodiversity - major source of pharmaceuticals - play a critical role in the carbon cycle

Answer 55

humus- thin layer of rotting vegetation (grass) the nutrients in it returns to the soil topsoil- rich in humus and the minerals from the rock so good for growing crops. plants take in nutrients from the rock. as well as nitrogen in the air which the bacteria in the soil 'fix' from the air subsoil- it has little humus but rich in materials. tree roots reach this layer rock that is being weathered- broken into chunks already. few signs of life this far down. bedrock- solid rock, not yet weathered but will be one day

Answer 56

1) zonal- soils reflect the climate and vegetation under which the developed- well developed and clear horizons 2) intrazonal- soils have properties dominated by some local factor (e.g. drainage, salts) 3) Azonal- generally immature and skeletal, with poorly developed profiles

Answer 57

Podsols are found in the northern hemisphere in areas such as northern Russia and the central coastlines of Canada. They are north of the equator and will face colder conditions. Red latosol soils are found in the southern hemisphere just south of the Equator. They are found in central Africa and also the north of South America. This type of soils is primarily found in warmer climates.

Answer 58

1) Dense rainforest 2) Thick layer of leaf litter 3) (O) Thin layer of organic material undergoing rapid decomposition due to high temperatures and moisture. Inorganic material is subject to weathering. 4) (A) A thin layer humus which is the nutrient rich top soil 5) (B) Infertile layer caused by rapid leaching of nutrients. Iron and aluminium oxides gives a distinct red colour 6) (C) Weathered rocks 7) (R) Parent material

Answer 59

the movement of soil material from upper to lower horizons by the downward movement of water

Answer 60

1) Coniferous forest 2) Thin layer of leaf litter- pine needles 3) (O) Thin layer of organic material undergoing slow decomposition due to low temperatures/ Inorganic material subject to weathering. 4) (A.1) A thick layer of black mor (acidic) humus 5) (A.2) A layer of dark brown acidic soil caused by leaching of humus by higher precipitation 6) (E.1) Ash-grey bleached horizon which is sandy due to finer materials being washed down. 7) (E.2) Area of waterlogging resulting in gley 8) (B.1) Hard pan of iron and underlying aluminium 9) (B.2) Accumulation of clays stained by iron oxides 10) (C) Weathered rocks 11) (R) Parent material

Answer 61

accumulation of dissolved or suspended soil materials in one area or later as a result of leaching (percolation) from another

Answer 62

- Soils are very thin and few nutrients are found below 50cm - Vegetation clearance removes the source of the nutritious soil - Slightly acidic, would need fertilisers to ensure nutrients - Deep ploughing is needed to improve drainage

Answer 63

- Hard pan can result in waterlogging - Vegetation clearance can lead to soil erosion by wind and water - Low in nutrients due to slow decomposition and leaching - Highly acidic soils - Fertilisers and lime would be needed for cultivation

Answer 64

- in coniferous evergreen forests so the forestry industry is a common industry in these areas - livestock farming here - upland sheep farming - controlled burning for the breeding of grouse for shooting, areas of heather burnt offf in 10-15 yr rotation, grouse shooting employs 2500 people and generates £150 million annually so important to rural life

Answer 65

- due to excellent growing conditions a lot is cultivated - once vegetation is removed the leaf litter quickly exhausts the sail of nutrients, are soil exposed to excessive leaching and erosion - lots of deforestation due to settlement, infrastructure, ranching, removal of hardwood timbers, cash crops and mineral exploitation. - indigenous people (kayapo of the amazon basin) have successfully famed by shifting cultivation. burn small areas for fertile soils. land farmed for 2-3 yrs before moving on to another area. allows both the soil and forest to recover. supports very low number of people.

Answer 66

global trend = increasing TFP crops: - higher yielding, disease resistant and drought tolerant crops - more efficient, timely cultivation - better technology livestock: - breeding animals for favourable genetic qualities - better animal care and disease management - high quality feeds

Answer 67

- wet season from may to October, overhead sun heats land causing a low pressure system from the convection caused by the hot land, also from air rising over the Himalayas - in winter winds from northeast, very dry, drought - in summer winds from southwest (reverse direction), blow from equator

Answer 68

- long and intensely cold winters falling below -40ºc - summer temps rarely above 0º - permanent covering of glacial ice + surface layer of snow or soil, permafrost summer: top layer thaws

Answer 69

- tourism, farming and fishing are common uses of the climate, leading to higher pop due to different sources of income - Rice growing= mostly labour intensive with a large cheap labour force using simple tools + an oxen does all the work

Answer 70

- fishing, adventure tourism and mineral extraction rather than land-based activities - restricted due to climate, vegetation is sparse, limited investment due to tough climate - hunting of caribou in North America (America reindeer) - arable farming if farmer creates artificial environment

Answer 71

- for many subsistence farmers their survival depends upon the seasonal nature of the climate because of the rice. - as long as there is sufficient water for irrigation, paddies can be reused during the dry season for crops - rise seedlings are transplanted from nurseries into flooded fields in monsoon season

Answer 72

- Occupied by around 13.1 million people spread between 8 countries with a population density of under 4 people per km2 - in 2nd half of the 20th century there was the discovery of vase natural resources, immigrants - supported Indigenous people sustainably Inuit of N.Canada have hunted caribou and seals in winter, and fished in summer always sustainably

Answer 73

Mewat district of the Indian state of Haryana - low rainfall, drought prone - Between 2020 + 2050, temperature change is expected to accelerate with minimum temperatures increasing by 1.87°C during the monsoon season + 2.73°C during the dry season The IARI did this: - superior seed varieties = village seed banks - heat-stress tolerant crops introduced, yields increased 12-18% - improved production technologies, eg. sprinkler irrigation so higher household profits = increased by £320 per hectare - high yielding varieties of vegetables, greater diversification, higher incomes, increased by 44-86% - Farmers= given access to mKRISHI, an ICT platform, on which they can have access to weather forecasting + agricultural production advisory services

Answer 74

soils reflect the climate and vegetation under which the developed- well developed and clear horizons upper limit of soil: plants have not begun to decompose lower limit of soil: well defined and separates soil from rock underneath it is a major soil group which has experienced the maximum effects of climate + vegetation, well developed eg. podsols and red latosols

Answer 75

- 40% of soil used for agriculture around the world is classed as either degraded or seriously degraded - without soil management, food production would decline by 30% over the next 30-50 years

Answer 76

- much of the world suffers from some degree of soil degradation - the band just north of the equator experiences very severe soil degradation, perfect conditions - northern hemisphere is the most stable with Russia and Canada both being with 'stable soil', perhaps due to very cold temps it is hard to grow crops

Answer 77

when the soil is left bare, the wind can pick up seeds due to the flat land and blow away the unprotected soil

Answer 78

1) Deforestation- without plant cover, erosion can occur and sweep the land into rivers 2) Overgrazing- reduces ground cover, enabling erosion and compaction of the land by wind and rain. reduces the ability for plants to grow and water to penetrate. 3) Use of agrochemicals- overuse of some of these chemicals (pesticides) changes soil composition and disrupts the balance of microorganisms in the soil

Answer 79

1) loss of arable land- practises to grow crops can lead to the loss of topsoil and destruction of soil characteristics that make agriculture possible 2) clogged and polluted waterways- soil eroded from the land along with pesticides and fertilisers applied to fields, washes into rivers and streams which can damage freshwater and marine habitats and their local communities 3) increased flooding- land transformed from forest into a crop field or pasture. the converted land is less able to soak up water, making flooding more common

Answer 80

Working to reduce deforestation - balanced through sustainable forest management, reforestation efforts and maintaining the integrity of protected areas - Paraguay reduced deforestation rate in their country by 85% in the years just following enactment of its 2004 zero deforestation law. WWF advocates for governments and other stakeholders to make zero net deforestation a reality by 2020

Answer 81

Waterlogging Salinisation Structural deterioration of the soil

Answer 82

it occurs whenever the water table rises to the point of soil saturation and there is insufficient oxygen in the pore spaces for plant roots to respire adequately the anaerobic environment causes root tissues to decompose and if not addressed, the crops will die. many farmers don't realise a site is waterlogged until the surface water appears which may be too late. impacts: - potential yield severely affected, water decreases soil temp which reduces crop growth - the waterlogged soils provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes, transmitting diseases such as zika and malaria - limits growth and can rot roots

Answer 83

this is the build up of salts in the soil. overlong periods of time, soil minerals weather and release salts. additional salt are deposited through dust and precipitation. good drainage leads to salts being leached. in poorly drained areas it leads to water logging, when water is evaporated it'll leave a crust of salt left. Only salt-tolerant crops like cotton can withstand salinisation. others will become either infertile or the plants won't be able to absorb nutrients. causes: - in dry climates where there isn't enough rainfall to leach salts away - high temps draw water to the surface, where it evaporates and leaves salts away - some fertilisers contain salts, applying too much leaves salt impacts: - sat can stop crops from absorbing the water they need from the soil - some salts are toxic to plant

Answer 84

this is when the pore spaces in the soil are lost causes: - use of heavy machinery, or trampling by livestock and people can compact soil - removal of vegetation, plant roots help to maintain soil structure - salinisation in clay soils as salt causes clay particles to clump together impacts: - if soil is too compacted, difficult for plants to grow - a loss of pore spaces in the soil means a reduced capacity for water so plants dry out - land is hard to plough

Answer 85

granular soils blocky structures prismatic and columnar structures platy structures

Answer 86

- individual particles of sand, silt and clay grouped together in small, nearly spherical grains - water circulates very easily through this soil - commonly found in the top horizon of the soil profile

Answer 87

- soils that cling together in angular blocks - relatively large blocks indicate that the soil resists penetration and movement of water - commonly found in the lower layers of the soil where clay has accumulated

Answer 88

- soil particles formed into vertical columns or pillars, separated by cracks - water circulates with greater difficulty and drainage is poor - found in the lower, more clay-rich layer of soil

Answer 89

- soil particles aggregated in thin plates or sheets piled horizontally on one another - plates often overlap, greatly impairing water circulation - commonly found in forest and high latitude soils

Answer 90

the structure of the soil is equally important. the soil needs to allow for percolation for water to be absorbed. this leads to successful plant growth. if a soil does not allow for percolation then plants cannot grow.

Answer 91

soil texture is important for farming (the proportion of sand, silt and clay) as it influences its characteristics and workability.

Answer 92

- terracing - contour ploughing - strip cropping - improved drainage to prevent water logging and salinisation - crop rotation and cover crops - direct drilling/no-tillage system

Answer 93

the practise applied to prevent rainfall runoff on sloping land from accumulating and causing serious erosion. terraces consist of ridges and channels constructed across-the-slope. advantages: - the absorption of rainfall is increased and so reducing the erosion - velocity of runoff is checked disadvantages: - rainwater saturation of the ground- this is when terracing retains too much water, which is absorbed into the ground - very expensive, $300-500 per acre

Answer 94

contour ploughing is a practise of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. these contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of gullies during times of heavy water run-off, cause of soil erosion advantages: - reduces fertiliser loss - power and time consumption - wear on machines - increases crop yields and reduce erosion disadvantages: - Break-overs caused by reduced water storage capabilities behind the contour ridges as the slope increases, these break-overs are likely to progress all the way down a slope - On steeper slopes erosion control may have to be controlled through vegetative means, e.g. grass

Answer 95

Strip farming is the growing of crops in narrow, systematic bands to reduce soil erosion from wind and water and otherwise improve agricultural production. Crops are arranged so that a strip of hay or a strip of close-growing small grain (such as wheat) is alternated with a strip of cultivated row crop (such as cotton). advantages: - The absorption of rainfall is increased - Erosion is reduced by slowing the rate of runoff disadvantages: - One crop may tend to host plant diseases and pests which are detrimental to the other crop - Disintegration of the land - Limits the efficient use of machinery so isn’t suitable for highly mechanized systems

Answer 96

- Reducing the amount of water running off roads and farm track onto fields - The judicious use of farmyard manure to stabilise the topsoil - Protecting soil in winter by early sowing or the use of cover crops - Working across slopes whenever possible, contour ploughing reduces overland flow advantages: - reduces waterligging, salinisation and the leaching of nutrients disadvantages: - can be expensive to install and requires lots of planning if done in mass scale

Answer 97

avoiding growing the same crop in the same field, to prevent crops stripping nutrients from the soil. advantages: - It maintains soil fertility. - reduces the risk of diseases - Field are productive for a longer time. works better year round - Weather and market risks reduced. disadvantages - Involves risk - each crop is not guaranteed success potentially leading to a lost harvest, pest and diseases from other crops. - Lack of technique can cause a build-up of nutrients or a decrease. - Have to plant different crops demands lots of care

Answer 98

when land is used for cultivation, big machines. seeds are drilled in unploughed soil. advantages: - Allows the pores and aggregates created by biological processes to remain stable. - Saves on costs of labour, fuel etc. - Increases farm efficiency with low crop prices disadvantages: - Slows down soil warming and drying in spring. Increasing the risk of plant disease and infestations of weeds. - Soil is not mixed leaves nutrients on the top creating a higher risk of leaching.

Answer 99

- it is the basis for plant growth, food security - supports animal biodiversity, above and below ground - provides an adequate water supply, key role in the water cycle and supply, impacts rivers and lakes - soil provides both the foundation and base materials in buildings

Answer 100

food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Answer 101

- this has made 1 in 7 people chronically hungry

Answer 102

your physical, mental and social well-being and not just the presence of disease

Answer 103

relates to illness and disease. it can be used to describe the incidence of a disease within society.

Answer 104

relates to death. It is the condition of being mortal, or susceptible to death.

Answer 105

the total number of cases of a disease in a population over a given time divided by the total population.

Answer 106

the rate or time at which persons become ill. It usually used as a measure of numbers of new cases of an illness.

Answer 107

without intervention the disease is likely to become widespread throughout the country

Answer 108

effects multiple countries or continents

Answer 109

a disease or condition that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain are

Answer 110

Health, mortality and well-being are directly affected by the environment in which they live. It includes the physical environment where factors such as air and water quality are important, the economic environment which affects the type of housing they live in and the jobs they do or the social environment determining where an individual is educated or lives and the people and institutions they interact.

Answer 111

a measure of morbidity within a society. They measure the number of years of healthy life lost by being in poor health or a state of disability.

Answer 112

In the two bands of income there is a similar rate of deaths through stroke, with high income countries having slightly higher rates. Road injury is mentioned on the low-income graph but not on the high-income band as due to MOTs and road safety those in high-income countries don’t face the threats of this. Overall, the causes of death are very different in the two graphs with the only causes present for both graphs being stroke and lower respiratory problems. high-income = lifestyle factors low-income = communicable, infectious diseases

Answer 113

A medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious and non-transmissible among people.

Answer 114

infectious diseases that can be passed on

Answer 115

biologically transmitted by insects

Answer 116

- cancers found throughout the world but most deaths in Mongolia and Uruguay - diabetes found throughout the world. most deaths found in Africa and South America - respiratory diseases common in UK, USA - cardiovascular or heart disease is the number one cause of death globally. Over 3/4 of deaths from heart disease now occur in low and middle income countries. - number of deaths from NCD are increasing

Answer 117

- greater rates of infection in tropical regions, perhaps they are more prevalent in warmer conditions - HIV/AIDS spread through the world. India, Kenya and USA have largest amounts - malaria has highest rates in sub-saharan Africa

Answer 118

- an increase in food production and in transport infrastructure means a population will be fed more reliably and is less prone to famine or diseases related to malnutrition - developments in sanitation and hygiene reduce the chances of water-borne infections such as typhoid and cholera - with advances in medical programmes and vaccination programmes, the risk of infectious diseases has been reduced in many parts of the world

Answer 119

Climate Water quality Topography Air quality

Answer 120

- waterlogged areas after severe precipitation events can lead to water-borne diseases such as cholera - 2 billion people use a drinking source contaminated with faeces - vector animals often thrive in particular climate conditions, e.g. warm and wet conditions are perfect for mosquitoes - hay fever. as temps rise, the period at which indigenous species produce pollen becomes longer, areas with an earlier spring had a 14% higher rate of seasonal allergies - climate change. extreme temperatures means that there will be more heat stroke and heat-related illnesses

Answer 121

- lead poisoning, found in lead pipes, particularly affects children, can cause death - diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera are caused by bacteria and chemicals in the water, 842,000 diarrhoeal disease deaths per year - cancer can be caused by water containing unsafe levels of naturally occurring arsenic and fluoride - human sewage is one of the main problems, same water for going to toilet as for cleaning, drinking and washing - piped water is available in some areas but often pipes are cracked and mix with sewage which contaminates the flow, in HIC's water has gone through ha sterilisation process and is transported by secure pipes to households.

Answer 122

- polluted air affects the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population and was linked to 3.7 million premature deaths - high levels of pollution lead to heart disease, COPD, respiratory illnesses and lung cancer - 88% of premature deaths occur in developing countries - Delhi has the dirtiest atmosphere, mainly due to chicle emissions, forest fires and industrial processes - in 2014, 92% of the world population was living in places where the WHO air quality guideline levels were not met - In the UK its estimated the issue of long term exposure has caused between 28,000-36,000 deaths annually.

Answer 123

- altitude sickness can occur when you travel to high altitudes too quickly, breathing becomes difficult as you aren't able to take in as much oxygen - With steep slopes and high mountains in Nepal in their 2015 earthquake, it led to avalanches where 19 people died, hospitals completely destroyed, damaged roads and tracks - HAPE, high-altitude pulmonary oedema, where excess fluid develops in the lungs - flat land leads to an increase in flooding, more stagnant water, water-borne diseases - large flat areas will llanos for growth of cities and associated transport infrastructure and facilitate widespread human movement and with it, the spread of disease

Answer 124

``` Abdel Omran (1971) suggested that the process of socio-economic development accounts for a transition overtime, from infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases as the most important causes of death. The transition occurs overtime as a country goes through modernisation from developing to developed status. This is due to advances in medical technology, disease prevention and sickness therapy and treatment. ```

Answer 125

Omran originally divided this transition into three distinct phases characterised by fertility and causes of death: 1. The age of pestilence (infection) and famine 2. The age of receding pandemics 3. The age of degenerative and man-made diseases Revisited by Olshansky and Ault: The age of delayed degenerative diseases

Answer 126

- life expectancy of 20-40 years - causes of mortality and morbidity: infections, nutritional deficiencies, famine and epidemic outbreaks high mortality prevents sustained pop growth - Even the cultivation of soil, and the clearing of land is exposed people to insect bites, bacteria, and parasites. - In this stage, women of childbearing age also faced considerable risks due to the complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth. - small pox, accounted for 400,000 deaths each year at the end of the eighteenth century - Egyptian merchants spread it from Africa to India

Answer 127

- life expectancy of 30-50 years - causes of morbidity and mortality: reduced number of infections, increases in occurrence of strokes and heart disease - discovery of penicillin in 1928 led to widespread declines in death rates from previously serious diseases - fertility rates were high, pop growing rapidly, rise in STIs - began roughly 200 years ago, with the Industrial Revolution - clean water, sanitary sewage, increased food safety and increased pre and post-natal care allowed for major improvements - modern healthcare and health technologies like the introduction of antibiotics and immunisation programmes enabled the control and elimination of a group of infectious diseases such as smallpox

Answer 128

- life expectancy: 50-60 years - Increased ageing; lifestyles associated with poor diet, less activity and addictions - Causes of morbidity and morality: more chronic degenerative, man-made diseases: High blood pressure, obesity diabetes, smoking-related cancers, strokes - began in the late 20th century - Due to low levels of mortality and fertility, there is little population growth - an increased demand for healthcare related to the diseases of older people

Answer 129

revisited the theory and added phase four. - Life expectancy: 70+ - Change in socio-economic conditions: Reduced risk behaviours in the population; health promotion and new treatments - Causes of morbidity and morality: Heart disease, strokes and cancers are the main causes of morality but treatment extends life. - Dementia and ageing diseases start to appear more.

Answer 130

Coronary heart disease - largest cause of death in developed countries - In 2001 there were 7.3 million deaths due to CHD worldwide, 3/4 of these were in low and middle-income countries Coronary heart diseases fall under cardiovascular diseases. This is when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle is blocked or reduced. This puts an increased strain on the heart and can lead to angina, heart attacks and heart failure.

Answer 131

- 3/4 of global deaths due to CVD are in low and middle-income countries - The CHD death rate, however, varies dramatically across the developing countries. They are dependant on different levels of risk factors including the availability of resources, the stage of epidemiological transition and other competing causes of death

Answer 132

the links are limited and minimal. lifestyle choices within a variety of physical environments are more important risk factors. Air quality: - studies in the US show an increased exposure to airborne pollutants increase the risk of CHD - industrialisation has brought negative impacts Climate: - not significantly associated however areas with lower temps and hours of such shine had higher mortality rates from CHD - cold and damp winters in temperate climates impact the cardiorespiratory system which increases risk of heart attacks Relief and topography: - no clear links other than more challenging relief requires more physical effort when walking, however this can bring about positive impacts as the increased activity means a lower risk

Answer 133

Poor diet and other negative lifestyle factors are estimated to account for one third of all deaths associated with CHD in England - Tobacco use: Mortality from CHD is 60 per cent higher in smokers - High blood pressure: 22 per cent of heart attacks in Western Europe were due to hypertension, which doubles the risk of heart attack - Poor nutrition: a WHO report stated that a diet high in saturated fat, sodium and sugar and low in complex carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables increases CHD risk - Infrequent exercise: physical activity reduces risk; a WHO report estimates that over 20 per cent of CHD in developed nations is caused by physical inactivity

Answer 134

- The most common symptom of CHD is angina, a low level but fairly constant chest pain which can spread to other parts of the upper body. This pain can be increased through increased stress, for example from physical activity. - Heart attacks and heart failure, these can permanently damage the heart muscle and can be fatal - Rehabilitation programmes for those recovering from heart attacks or surgery focus on exercise, education about lifestyle choices and relaxation and emotional support to build confidence - CHD sufferers at all stages of the disease may be required to take continued medication for the rest of their lives.

Answer 135

The impacts of heart disease include the cost to the individual and to the family of healthcare and time off work, the cost to the government of healthcare and the cost to the country of lost productivity. - In 2009, CHD is estimated to have cost the UK healthcare system around £8.7 billion and the cost to the UK economy was estimated at £19 billion. - ‘Healthcare costs associated with smoking-related illnesses result in a global net loss of $200 billion per year, with 1/3 of those losses occurring in developing countries’ (WHO) - ‘The number of people who die or are disabled by coronary heart disease could be halved with wider use of a combination of drugs that costs just $14 a year per patient’ (WHO)

Answer 136

1) Prevention The government have a fundamental responsibility to protect the health of citizens. - They can do this by educating the public, making treatments affordable and available and advising patients on healthy-living practises. Some examples of prevention strategies are: - In the UK, dieticians promote the benefits for heart health of eating oily fish, more fruit and vegetables, and less saturate fat. - In Japan, government-led health education campaigns and increased treatment of high blood pressure have reduced blood-pressure levels in the population. 2) Health Education Health education is essential to promote healthy choices. - Schools are an ideal venue for health education as they can provide a healthy diet, prohibit smoking and allow opportunities for exercising. - Since 2000, WHO have co-ordinated World Heart Day events on 29th September each year including: - Medical activities such as blood-pressure testing - Activities to engage the public in physical activity - Scientific conferences 3) Policies Intervention - Legislation can include advertising bans, smoke-free areas, health warnings on packets, taxation and outright bans in public places - A smoking ban was first introduced in Singapore in 1970 and 37 years later the idea was implemented in the UK.

Answer 137

- the first case was recognised in 1976 in West Africa and was reported in Guinea in March 2014 - in the first 12 months of the pandemic, Ebola killed more than 100,000 people - the WHO were criticised for an initial slow response time - in January 2016, the WHO declared Liberia as the last of the countries to be infected 'ebola-free'. They suffered 4809 deaths from it.

Answer 138

- it spread very quickly due to warm conditions - due to the countries affected being very poor they could not afford good protection measures and didn't have the right healthcare - lack of wealth, lack of education so not informed of ways of protection and basic ways of hygiene and sanitation

Answer 139

- the number of people diagnosed in Northern Ireland with diabetes has increased by more than 62% since 2007

Answer 140

- a global movement with 30,000 staff across 65 countries - the Manson unit is a UK-based team of MSF medical specialists looking to improve their medical practises - they provide day-to-day healthcare for large population such as accident and emergency, surgery and management fo chronic conditions - they build or renovate clinics, set up treatment programmes strengths - a global movement with 30,000 staff across 65 countries - between jan and august, MSF treated nearly 2000 malnourished children at Mudug Regional hospital - in the mudug regional hospital they have helped over the last two years nearly 200,000 people. weaknesses - How are they to keep up with the growing health risks due to climate change? - Perhaps 30,000 staff is not enough in order to have a worldwide impact on health, minimised impact

Answer 141

- they are a global community with a footprint in over 90 countries worldwide - As well as working on conflicts and disasters, water, women’s rights, climate change and food one of their main focuses is on health and education. - share the belief that, in a world rich in resources, poverty is inevitable. - In 2015/16, Oxfam provided 5.4 million people with access to clean water - In rural Georgia, for example, we helped local people establish low-cost clinics to serve 27 remote communities. - in pakistan 53,000 children die each year from diarrhoea. 70 per cent of the urban population are accessing 'underground water'. Oxfam are working towards a 30% reduction in water and sanitation related diseases. strengths - a very recognised organisation, worldwide, increased recognition an investment so can bring about more good - It helps out in over 90 countries worldwide, drastically changing the statistics on health worldwide, can access and help millions of people - Global awareness allow them to do very large campaigns weaknesses - demands constant investment, very expensive projects - Relies on lots of workers, expensive workforce, organisation is key - How are they to keep up with the growing threats of climate change?

Population and the environment Flashcards

(165 cards)