Population and the Environment Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
Define Birth rate
A
- Number of live births per 1000 people per year
2
Q
Define Death rate
A
- Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
3
Q
Define total fertility rate
A
- The average number of children when she is of reproductive age
4
Q
Define infant mortality rate
A
- Number of children who die before their first birthday
5
Q
Define dependency ratio
A
Proportion of the population that has to be supported by the working population (aged 15 - 64). Young people and old people are generally dependant on the working population. They need to be looked after or supported financially.
6
Q
How valid is the DTM?
A
- Valid:
- Shows how death and birth rate effects overall population structure
- Projects future population change
- Comparable so can be applied to any country
- Invalid:
- Annomalies such as pandemics, natural disasters, climate change, war not taken into account
- No skipping stages and no differences within nations taken into account
7
Q
What are the two main components of population change?
A
- Natural change: Birth and Death rate
- Migration change: Migration of people into area or country
8
Q
Where is the UK and Congo on the HDI?
A
- UK 15th on HDI ranking
- DR Congo 179th on HDI ranking
9
Q
What are the UK and Congo’s population densities?
A
- UK population density is 270.7/km2
- Congo population density is 39.19/km2
10
Q
Why is the UK a stage 4 country?
A
- Safer from invasion as island
- Island allows for easy trade
- Lots of arable land due to fertile soil so reliable food supply
- Rich in natural resources
- The British Empire (colonialisation)
- Education is compulsory no matter what gender or race
- Woman educated as a western society
- Assess to good healthcare (80 years average age)
11
Q
Why is Uganda a stage 2 country?
A
- Hot climate means not loads of arable land
- Some mineral deposits however not been exploited
- Not very fertile soils
- Landlocked which means trade is hard
- Gender inequality as woman recieve less education therefore have children younger (average age for first child 18.9)
- Only 34% use contraception
- Lack of family planning
- Poor medical care
12
Q
How many children on average does one woman have in Uganda compared to UK?
A
- UK woman have 1.9 children on average
- Uganda woman have 5.8 children on average
13
Q
How did colonialisation effect Congo?
A
- Congo is first most resource rich country in the world however these resources have been exploited by colonialisation (worth in excess of $24 trillion)
14
Q
What is average GNI per capita in UK and Congo?
A
- In UK GNI per capita $42370
- In Congo GNI per capita $520
15
Q
What was dependancy ratio in UK in 1999 compared to prediction in 2040?
A
- Dependancy ratio in UK in 1999 was 3.7 to 1
- Dependancy ration in UK by 2040 will be at the most 2.1 to 1
16
Q
What happens if the dependancy ratio increases?
A
- Puts a higher burden on shrinking working population
- Slows down economic growth as working individual has to pay more taxes so has less free funds to invest and spend on goods
- Pressure on NHS as old people on average pay little to no tax yet are most dependent on the service. This leads to young peoples taxes increasing due to increased demand for the service but fewer people to pay for it.
17
Q
What are the main impacts of an aging population?
A
- Increase in dependancy ratio
- Increased goverment spending on healthcare and pensions
- Taxes rise for the working man or woman
- Shortage of workers
- Positive feedback loop as taxes rise for the working population (who fall into reproductive age) they have fewer children due to the high cost of raising them
- Higher taxes for working individuals means more disincentives to work
- Higher savings for pensions will reduce capital investments by young people
18
Q
Define population momentum?
A
- Population momentum is where population will continue to rise even if fertility rate declines
19
Q
What are the main impacts of a youthful population?
A
- Lots of potential future workers
- Demographic dividend possible
- If there is a natural resource or industry that needs lots of labour it can be in bountiful supply
- High dependancy as lots of children reliant on few adults
- Education, health and sanitation can suffer as not enough tax payers
- 50% of Ugandas population is under 15 years of age
- Teenage mothers lack material resources to support children
20
Q
How has China controlled population?
A
- Communism allows for the state to have absolute control over their population
- One child policy introduced in 1979. Incentives were free education, health care, pensions and family benefits. If you had more than one child these benefits werer stripped from you.
- Family planning helped lower growth rate
- 94% of population live in Eastern China and 6% in West
- Encourage movement to cities where work is prioritised over children
21
Q
Where have Chinas population laws worked and not worked?
A
- Worked:
- Reduced population growth by about 400 million
- Not worked:
- Thousands of children abandoned due to 1 child policy
- 90% of foetuses aborted are female
- Men are required to care of parents so boys are prefered over girls
- Fell below replacement level in 2000, this means in future they will have a huge problem as far to many old people for youngs people to support.
- Individuals are not “free.” They are indoctrinated, manipulated and dictated by the state no matter what their beliefs or thoughts are on policies or their familes. In recent years they have converted to more of a free market economy but this is like a facade hiding the true heart of the country which is communist.
22
Q
What is a pro-natalist policy?
A
- Encouraging children to be born
23
Q
What is a anti-natalist policy?
A
- Discouraging children to be born
24
Q
State the physical factors which effect population change
A
- Climate: UK’s cool wet winters and warm wet summers allow for optimum weather for growing crops and having enough water
- Frequency of extreme weather events: UK rarely experiences extreme heat or cold hence resulting in better crop yields allowing you to feed a growing population
- Arable land: Rich fertile soils, not deserts
- The topography
- Island or Landlocked
25
Describe how a demographic dividend takes place?
1. Death rate decreases before birth rate
2. Bulge of young people on population pyramid hence proportion of working population to dependant is large
3. Large workforce which if used correctly can be used to start a demographic dividend
4. Huge economic growth as working people have lower taxes and less to no money in pension funds allowing for more spare income to spend
5. TNCs may be attracted as large workforce
26
When did China's demographic dividend take place?
* 1982
27
How has China followed DTM?
* Not followed well
* Many annomalies led to changes in birth and death rate
* DTM doesn't break down countries into sections e.g East West divide with 94% in East and 6% in West
* 1950s growth as food, water, improved healthcare
* 1960s famin decreases population
* 1960s Baby boom
* 1970s increased education on contraception and family planning
* 1980s One child policy reducing overall population by 400 million
* 1982 demographic dividend so moved quickly through stage 3
* 2000 fell below replacement level
* Future will have many old people. Major issue
28
Define international migration
* The process of moving permanently or semi permanently to a different country
29
Why is international migration a good thing?
* It depends on what type of migrant they are, whether you talk about the host or source country and at what stage on DTM the country is in
* Economic migrants great for the host country as they move from HIC to LIC to have successful careers hence pay taxes and facilitating economic growth
* Great for countries with aging population as young economic migrants lower their dependancy ratio and increase the rate of economic growth (Germany stage 5, stage 6 could be this)
* The key thing is international migration only really benefits the host country not the source country
* Remittance payments allow for global economic growth as the host nations migrants send money to family in home country (remittances in US were $53 billion in 2015)
* Migrants fill lower paying jobs which host natition citizens tend not to do e.g fruit picking in UK during COVID 19
30
Why is international migration a bad thing
* Depends on what type of migrant, source or host country and how developed the country is
* Economic migrants cause brain drain as they are often qualified individuals who leave their home country due to the pull factor of a "better career" slows down the economic growth of their home country increasing global disparity of wealth
* Open borders (e.g the EU) allow for international migration to be completly out of the control of the host country allowing for borders to be overwhelmed causing chaos (Calais The Jungle). A points based system counters this.
* If migrants are unskilled this is terrible for the economy as they will exploit the UK benefits scheme and the NHS without contributing to the economy
* Lower skilled workers living in the UK feel like migrants are taking their jobs. This can be a good thing in terms of economic growth as often foriegn workers do the jobs UK citizens wouldn't and are very efficient at them.
* Asylum seekers are people who migrate and have little to no economic benefit on the host and source nations economy. Stay in UK for 5 years and are prohibitted from getting a job so fully dependant on the state. On source country they are often pushed by war to leave and instead of fighting for their freedoms and lives back they flee meaning war continues to occur. Very negative on economy for source country.
* Males more likely to migrate so gender imbalance
* Loss of culture in source country if migrants return with new ideas
31
What are the Push factors of migration?
* Natural disasters
* Climate change
* War
* Lack of jobs or education access
* Lack of food
* Economic decline
32
What are the pull factors of migration?
* Better farming conditions
* More desirable climate
* Better access to health care
* Better job opportunities and higher salaries
* Better schools and universities
* Better quality of life
33
What percentage of NHS workforce are made up of immigrants?
* 13.3%
34
How much is Germanies economy predicited to grow in 2022 and why are migrants so important for them?
* Only going to grow by 2.2% in 2022
* Migrants provide a young workforce
35
What are asylum seekers not allowed to do?
* They stay in UK for 5 years
* Prohibited from getting a job
