Population and urban change in the UK

Question 1

Define natural population change

Answer 1

The change in population from birth and deaths only.

Question 2

Define migration

Answer 2

The movement of people from one place to another.

Question 3

Define social factors

Answer 3

Factors that relate to people’s health, lifestyle and community.

Question 4

How is the rate of the UK’s population changing?

Answer 4

Growing

Question 5

What social factors affect population change in the UK?

Answer 5

Healthcare
Marriage
Culture
Ageing population

Question 6

How have social factors affected population change in the UK?

Answer 6

Healthcare, NHS so longer life expectancy + low infant mortality rates.
Marriage, people marry later so they do not have as many children.
Culture, people delay having children until their 30s so they then have less children.
Ageing population
A large amount of elderly people staying alive longer.

Question 7

How have economic factors affected population change in the UK?

Answer 7

High cost of raising a family
Maternity pay
Career

Question 8

What political factors affect population change in the UK?

Answer 8

Contraception
Maternity/paternity rights
Migration
Vaccination programmes

Question 9

How have political factors affected population change in the UK?

Answer 9

Contraception is widely available (UK) + education provided to restrict unwanted pregnancies.
Changes to maternity + paternity leave + pay may encourage people to have more kids.
Migration: into + out of UK
Uk has programme of vaccinating children, reduces death rates.

Question 10

Define political factors

Answer 10

Factors that relate to decisions made by government, either national or local.

Question 11

Define death rate

Answer 11

The number of people dying in an area per 1000 of population.

Question 12

Why do people want to migrate to the UK?

Answer 12

Availability of jobs
Stable political system
Good healthcare service
Better rates of pay; therefore a higher income
Good education system
Already established network of family or people of similar ethnic or cultural origin.

Question 13

What is the reason for internal/domestic migration in the UK?

Answer 13

Cost of housing
Change of lifestyle e.g retirement
In search of work to further their career
Increasingly less important to live closer to work
Locate near family

Question 14

What are the positive impacts of both types of migration in the UK?

Answer 14

Increase birth rates as migrants have children
Increase in no. of languages spoken
More young adults paying taxes
Many low paid unskilled jobs that UK citizens do not want to do are filled.
Diversity and culture means the UK has a greater range of foods, restaurants etc.

Question 15

Define infant mortality rate

Answer 15

Number of deaths of children under one year of age occurring per 100 live births in an area per year.

Question 16

Define ageing population

Answer 16

Country which has a high proportion of people aged over 65.

Question 17

Define birth rate

Answer 17

The number of babies born in an area per 1000 of population.

Question 18

Define economic factors

Answer 18

Factors that relate to cost and finance.

Question 19

Why is the UK experiencing an ageing population?

Answer 19

Low birth + death rates, an increasing proportion of the population is aged 65 and over.

Question 20

What are the economic challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?

Answer 20

Reduced number of economically active people to pay taxes.
More money needed to pay state pensions
More people dependant on the state

Question 21

What are the health challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?

Answer 21

Increase in health issues as people live longer

Large increase in care services required to look after people in the community.

Question 22

What are the social challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?

Answer 22

Older people have knowledge + skills, can be lost if not passed onto younger generation.
Increasingly, working-age people caring for children + elderly parents.
Increase in elderly people living alone - feelings of isolation + decreases amount of housing available.

Question 23

Why is new housing needed in the UK?

Answer 23

Increased immigration
Longer life expectancy
Increase in single-occupancy households

Question 24

What is the Egan Wheel?

Answer 24

Shows the criteria to judge a sustainable community against.

Question 25

Describe Egan's wheel of sustainable communities.

Answer 25

Fair for everyone (now + future) Active, inclusive + safe (strong local culture + sense of community) Well run + led (everyone feels their view has been heard) Environmentally sensitive (mindful of habitats + wildlife) Well-designed (natural features + well-built homes) Well connected (good transport links) Thriving (variety work opportunities + strong economy) Well-served

Question 26

Define eco-housing

Answer 26

Houses that are built to make them environmentally sustainable.

Question 27

Why is creating urban sustainable communities difficult?

Answer 27

Building on greenfield land is necessary to increase number of homes. Community differences: not everyone wants same thing Existing community: people don't want change in their local area Eco-housing costs more to build + may not be affordable.

Question 28

Define greenfield site

Answer 28

An area of land that has not been used before for building.

Question 29

Define environmental sustainability

Answer 29

Improvements in the standard of living that do not cause long-term damage to the environment.

Question 30

Define economic sustainability

Answer 30

Development that ensures everyone has the right to economic improvement in the long term.

Question 31

Define social sustainability

Answer 31

Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all.

Question 32

Give a named example of a greenbelt site?

Answer 32

Oxford's green belt

Question 33

Define brownfield site

Answer 33

Area of redevelopment that has previously been built on.

Question 34

Give a named example of a brownfield site.

Answer 34

Ipswich Waterfront Development

Question 35

Define re-urbanisation

Answer 35

People moving from the countryside back to urban areas.

Question 36

What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Environmental sustainability)

Answer 36

Destruction of rural land that hasn't previously been developed - if development within greenbelt area, lead to more urban sprawl.

Question 37

What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Economic sustainability)

Answer 37

Cost of housing too high for local residents to afford in rural area. Also, new residents likely to commute + leave new developments empty during working hours - not help rural services.

Question 38

What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Social sustainability)

Answer 38

``` New greenfield developments encourage urban residents to move to countryside, so change way of life of rural area. But services (schools + GPs' surgeries) put under pressure due to this. ```

Question 39

Define central business district (CBD)

Answer 39

The main shopping and service area in a city.

Question 40

What economic factors have changed retailing in the UK?

Answer 40

``` Home delivery firms Congestion in cities Free parking at out of town retail parks High parking costs in city centres Monthly wages ```

Question 41

What cultural factors have changed retailing in the UK?

Answer 41

Car-dependant society | Habit of bulk buying

Question 42

What technological factors have changed retailing in the UK?

Answer 42

High broadband speeds Sophisticated websites Online only retailers Internet Banking

Question 43

What are the benefits of out-of-town shopping centres?

Answer 43

``` Large, free parking areas Less congestion Near major road junctions Room for expansion Cheaper land values Near suburban housing estates ```

Question 44

What are the costs of out-of-town shopping centres?

Answer 44

Attracts shoppers away from CBD Cause congestion on surrounding roads Chain stores Land use conflict with other developments such as business parks

Question 45

What are the benefits of internet shopping?

Answer 45

``` Buy any time, any location Convenient and cheaper Purchase products you can’t buy locally Less time consuming Reduction in traffic congestion Delivery jobs ```

Question 46

What are the costs of internet shopping?

Answer 46

Not everyone has internet access Difficult to return products CBD lose trade - so job losses/closure of shops More delivery vans increases congestion + pollution Online card fraud

Question 47

What did Lancaster do to try and encourage people to shop in the high street?

Answer 47

``` New paving in pedestrianised areas New street furniture Signage (Wayfinding) Market day on Wednesday Secure bike racks Trees planted ```

Question 48

What are the negative impacts of both types of migration in the UK?

Answer 48

An increase in birth rate House price increases in popular areas Strain on schools

Question 49

What garden city did you study?

Answer 49

Ebbsfleet, Kent

Question 50

What eco homes example did you study?

Answer 50

BedZed, Surrey

Question 51

What are the features of a sustainable community?

Answer 51

Local jobs nearby Public transport available Use of green technologies Facilities for people of all ages Affordable housing Some buildings designed for elderly people Built on brownfield rather than a green field site

Question 52

What are the advantages of developing on a greenfield site?

Answer 52

Quick and easy to build on | Cheaper than building on a brownfield site

Question 53

What are the disadvantages of developing on a greenfield site?

Answer 53

Animal habitats destroyed Urban Sprawl Protesters

Question 54

What are the advantages of developing on a brownfield site?

Answer 54

Not using greenfield site | Can transform a place that was in decline

Question 55

What are the disadvantages of developing on a brownfield site?

Answer 55

More expensive to build on as you may have to remove toxic materials

Question 56

Give 4 ways we can create sustainable rural communities.

Answer 56

Ensuring public transport is available for the times the community needs it. Securing investment from companies to create jobs in rural areas. Fast and reliable internet connection Village services being encouraged to stay open by getting everyone to use them. Promoting the use of renewable energy within the rural area.