Population and Urbanization

Question 1

a sub-field of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution

Answer 1

demography

Question 2

the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population

Answer 2

fertility

Question 3

the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year

Answer 3

crude birthrate

Question 4

the incidence of death in a population

Answer 4

mortality

Question 5

the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year

Answer 5

crude death rate

Question 6

the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency

Answer 6

migration

Question 7

the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency

Answer 7

immigration

Question 8

the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere

Answer 8

emigration

Question 9

the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household

Answer 9

population composition

Question 10

the number of males for every hundred females in a given population

Answer 10

sex ratio

Question 11

a graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age

Answer 11

population pyramid

Question 12

• power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence [food] for man
• population growth inevitably surpasses the food supply, and the lack of food ultimately ends population growth and perhaps eliminates the existing population

Answer 12

malthusian perspective

Question 13

overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers in order to suppress wages and force workers concerned about losing their livelihoods to be more productive

Answer 13

marxist perspective

Question 14

the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year

Answer 14

zero population growth

Question 15

the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development

Answer 15

demographic transition

Question 16

defined as the increasing number of people who live in cities or urban areas

Answer 16

urbanization

Question 17

• a favorable physical environment
• an advanced technology
• a well-developed social organization

Answer 17

preconditions for city development

Question 18

what do ecological models include?

Answer 18

concentric zone model
sector model
multiple nuclei model
contemporary urban ecology

Question 19

the process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or type of land use

Answer 19

invasion

Question 20

the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or type of land use

Answer 20

succession

Question 21

the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes move into a central-city area and renovate existing properties

Answer 21

gentrification

Question 22

• both economic and political factors affect patterns of urban growth and decline
• urban space has both an exchange value and a use value
• both structure and agency are important in understanding how urban development takes place

Answer 22

political economy models

Question 23

what are problems in global cities

Answer 23

• rapid population growth
• urban agglomeration
• rural-to-urban migration

Question 24

the number of children a woman bears in her lifetime
2.1% in the US

Answer 24

replacement rate

Question 25

the average number of years after birth a person can be expected to live

Answer 25

life expectancy

Question 26

the number of years people can expect to live age 65 increases, and fertility rates drop below 2.1

Answer 26

aging society

Question 27

the make up or composition of a population

Answer 27

population structure