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Population Dynamic Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

population dynamics

A

the study of populations of organisms in a given area

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2
Q

Total Population Count (N)

A

number of individuals of a species in a specific geographical area

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3
Q

Population Density (D)

A

number of individuals per volume or area

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4
Q

D = ?

A

N/A = N/V

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5
Q

Direct Count

A

best for small, immobile populations (counting physically)

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6
Q

Transect

A

Best for low density populations
Count individuals in line or rectangle
Random start point and travel direction ensures random sampling

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7
Q

Quadrat

A

Best for larger, relatively immobile populations
Count individuals within small area and multiply to larger area
Sample sites are randomly selected
High remark means smaller population

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8
Q

Population = ?

A

(number originally marked) x (number recaptured) / (number marked recaptured)

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9
Q

Indirect evidence

A

provides an idea of relative density vs absolute density
counting indicators like nests and burrows and estimate

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10
Q

Relative density

A

comparing population in one area to that of another

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11
Q

Distribution pattern

A

How population is distributed within an area

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12
Q

Clumped Distribution

A

Organisms live in small concentrated groups, greater rates of survival in groups
ex schooling fish

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13
Q

Uniform Distribution

A

Organisms evenly spaced within an area, competition for resources and often territorial behaviour
ex wolverine

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14
Q

Random Distribution

A

Organisms distributed in a random pattern (plants with wind dispersed seeds)

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15
Q

Life History

A

describes the factors about a population, including survivorship and fecundity

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16
Q

Fecundity

A

Average number of offspring produced by a female member of a population over lifespan

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17
Q

Survivorship

A

number or percentage of organisms that survive to a given age

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18
Q

Type 1

A

High investment ensures high survival rate of offspring
low fucundity
long lifespan
mortality rate high at end

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19
Q

Type 2

A

Mortality risk constant through lifespan

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20
Q

Type 3

A

Little to no time or energy investment in survival of offspring
many offspring
short lifespan
mortality rate highest in early life

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21
Q

Unlimited Resource Enviornment

A

Ideal conditions with no food and unlimited resources
not common in nature
population will reach biotic potential (r)
will cause exponential growth
Crash eventually would happen bc runout

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22
Q

Biotic Potential

A

population reaching its highest per capita growth rate

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23
Q

Limited growth enviornment

A

common in nature
resources will limit growth
organisms will compete for available resources
birth and death rates will even out
will reach carrying capacity (K)

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24
Q

Carrying Capacity K

A

maximum population sustainable in a given environment
changes depending on environment

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25
logistical growth
S shape of graph for limited resource environment pop growth
26
r selected strategy
short life span mature at young age large number of offspring little/no care of offspring
27
k selected strategy
long life span mature later in life produce fewer offspring high level of parental care
28
Life strategies for max survival
reach reproductive maturity at a young age long lifespan large number of offspring provide high levels of care for offspring
29
Changes in population
monitoring birth rates and death rate immigration and emigration
30
Populaton changes formula
N = (B+I) - (D+E)
31
Population growth rate formula
gr = N/t
32
Per capita growth rate formula
cgr = N/N
33
Two main classifications
Density independent factors Density dependent factors
34
Density independent factors
Abiotic Does not matter pop density Minor or major change in numbers Ex floods, droughts, pollution
35
Density dependent factors
Biotic Greater effect on larger population Ex competition
36
Competition
When individuals compete for resources Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition
37
Intraspecific competition
Competition among single species
38
Interspecific competition
Competition between two or more species for the same resource Competitive exclusion principal Resource partitioning Not always negative impacts
39
Competition exclusion principal
Species best able to thrive under given conditions will out compete the others
40
Resource partitioning
Species living in the same area use different resources in the same habitat Reduces competition and improves survival rates
41
Positive impacts of Interspecific
Producer - consumer (Flowers - bees) Predator - prey Cycle between high and low population Sinusoidal growth curves
42
Defensa mechanisms
Used as protection against predators Co-evolution, prey evolve then predator then again Protective colouration, mimicry, camo, warning
43
Mimicry
Species that mimic each other either Mullerian (both species have defense) Batesian (one has defense but not the other)
44
Camouflage
Blending in w environment
45
Warning colouration
Colours and patterns warn danger
46
Symbiotic relationships
Close reaction between two species, symbiont and a host Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
47
Parasitism
One organisms harmed, other benefits Ex salmon and sea lamprey
48
Mutualism
Two organisms work together and both benefit Ex anemone and clownfish
49
Commensalism
One benefited and the other is unaffected Ex orchid and trees
50
Keystone species
Large impact on most/all chain
51
Mass population growth happened when
In the last 200 years, exponential growth started in the 1800s during the industrial evolution
52
World population growth
Used to be steady Currently in a period of rapid population (per capita growth, 1.1) Rate of growth is declining and so is doubling time
53
Factors that contribute to population growth
Technological advancements Agricultural advancements Domestication of animals Improved healthcare Engineering advancements Improved food storage and transportation
54
What do the factors serve to accomplish
Artificially manipulate earths carrying capacity of the human species
55
Population growth distribution
Most growth is in developing countries Population starting to shrink in developed countries
56
Ecological footprints
Amount of land required to support one persons needs Crop land Grazing land Fishing ground Forest land Carbon absorption land Building area Resource harvesting land
57
Where has larger eco footprint
Bigger in developed countries Mostly energy and food production
58
Bio capacity
Measure of available resources on area or the whole earth
59
Population pyramids
Graphical description of a country’s population by sex and age See overall characteristic, and potential to increase or descreste
60
Growth state
General shape of pyramid on graph Kenya (rectangle) Sweden (triangle)
61
Kenya (triangle)
Rapid growth, large portion going into reproductive years, low life expectancy
62
Sweden (rectangle)
Stable population (no big growth) even distribution of age groups, longer life expectancy
63
Waste disposal
As human population grows, so does waste production Gaseous (air pollution) Liquid (waste water, sewage) Solid waste (garbage, limited space for landfills) Ends up in water ways affecting aquatic life and water
64
Biodiversity
The variety of species that exist within and area or eco system Greater biodiversity allows for better resilience
65
Resilience
Effective response against stressors like disease, climate change, and habitat shift
66
Human activities that are threats to biodiversity
Deforestation Habitat loss from development of roads pipelines dams Over exploitation
67

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