Population Dynamics

Question 1

Define gene pool

Answer 1

The total of all alleles for all the genes in a population

Question 2

What is the benefit of having a greater variety in a gene pool?

Answer 2

It allows a population to more easily adapt to changing environment

Question 3

State the five Hardy-Weinberg conditions

Answer 3

1. Very large population 2. No net mutation 3. Random mating 4. No natural selection 5. No migration

Question 4

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle measure?

Answer 4

The amount of genetic variation within a population

Question 5

What can the Hardy-Weinberg principle identify?

Answer 5

If a population is in genetic equilibrium or microevolution

Question 6

Mutation

Answer 6

Leads to new alleles in the gene pool, can give people a selective advantage. Back mutations can occur

Question 7

Gene Flow

Answer 7

The net movement of alleles from one population to another.
Can increase diversity in nearby populations
Reduces genetic differences between populations

Question 8

Non random mating

Answer 8

Selected individuals have a better chance of mating than other

Question 9

Genetic Drift

Answer 9

Change in allele frequencies due to chance events

Question 10

Bottleneck effect

Answer 10

A rapid decrease in a population size and only a few individuals are left to pass on their genes.
Leads to low genetic diversity

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

Organism that survive pass on their genes increasing allele frequency
The environment gives some a selective advantage

Question 12

Sexual selection

Answer 12

Species that mate with individuals having a particular trait

Question 13

Heterozygous Advantage

Answer 13

Individuals that are heterozygous have a survival advantage over those that are either form of the homozygotes.

Question 14

Define Habitat Fragmentation

Answer 14

Large continuous habitats that are split due to humans

Question 15

Define Population density

Answer 15

The number of organisms in a given area

Question 16

Define uniform distribution

Answer 16

Even distribution

Question 17

Define Random distribution

Answer 17

Organisms are distributed with no pattern

Occurs where resources are abundant and there is little competition

Question 18

Define clumped distribution

Answer 18

Grouped together in a certain area

Question 19

List the four factors that affect population growth

Answer 19

Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration rate
Emigration rate

Question 20

Define population explosion

Answer 20

Rapid increase in a population that happens too fast to be contained

Question 21

Define population Crash

Answer 21

Rapid decrease in population

Question 22

Define growth rate

Answer 22

Change in population over time

Question 23

Define per capita growth rate

Answer 23

A measure of the change in a population over time while taking into account factors that affect population growth.

Question 24

Define Biotic potential

Answer 24

The highest possible per capita growth rate

Question 25

List the five factors that biotic potential is dependent on

Answer 25

Number of offspring per reproductive cycle Number of offsprings that reach reproductive age Age of reproductive maturity Number of times the individual will reproduce Life span of the individuals

Question 26

Define carrying capacity

Answer 26

The theoretical maximum population size the environment can sustain over time

Question 27

Define the lag phase

Answer 27

Slow population growth due to few individuals able to reproduce

Question 28

Define Exponential Growth

Answer 28

Rapid population growth due to the higher birth rate than death rate

Question 29

What stops exponential growth from continuing forever?

Answer 29

Competition and limiting factors

Question 30

Define the stationary phase

Answer 30

When the birth rate is equal to the death rate

Question 31

What is the growth pattern called and what's the name of the curve?

Answer 31

Logistical and the curve is "S" shaped

Question 32

Define Stable equilibrium

Answer 32

Fluctuations around the carrying capacity

Question 33

Define Density dependent Factors

Answer 33

Biotic factors that limit the carrying capacity

Question 34

Define Density independent Factors

Answer 34

Abiotic factors that limit the carrying capacity

Question 35

Define environmental resistance

Answer 35

The total effect of all limiting factors | It prevents population from growing at its biotic potential

Question 36

Define R-selected strategies

Answer 36

Species that reproduce close to their biotic potential

Question 37

List six factors of r-selected strategies

Answer 37

``` Short life span Small in size Early reproductive age Many offsprings produced Competition is not significant Affected by density independent factors ```

Question 38

Define K-selected strategies

Answer 38

Populations which live close to their carrying capacity

Question 39

List seven factors of k-selected strategies

Answer 39

``` Larger animals Slower reproductive age Longer life span Older reproductive age less affected by environmental changes Fewer offsprings Affected by both density dependent and density independent factors ```

Question 40

Define a open population

Answer 40

Populations that allow for immigration and emigration

Question 41

Define a closed population

Answer 41

Populations that don't allow for immigration and emigration

Question 42

Define community

Answer 42

Interacting populations within a given area

Question 43

Define intra specific competition

Answer 43

Competition within members of the saw species for resources | It is density dependent

Question 44

Define Inter specific competition

Answer 44

Competition between members of different species for resources

Question 45

What is the competitive exclusion principle

Answer 45

A principle that states that no two organisms can occupy the same niche in a community

Question 46

Define invasive species

Answer 46

Non-native organisms that are introduced to an ecosystem that are harmful to native species

Question 47

What are predator-prey interactions called

Answer 47

Boom and bust cycles

Question 48

List three defences against consumers

Answer 48

Poor Taste Physical protection Camouflage

Question 49

Define batesian mimicry

Answer 49

When harmless animals evolve to look like harmful; ones

Question 50

Define mullerian mimicry

Answer 50

When 2 harmful animals evolve to look each other

Question 51

Define symbiosis

Answer 51

A relationship between 2 species that live together

Question 52

List and define the 3 symbiotic relationship

Answer 52

Parasitism- When 1 species benefits while the other is being harmed Mutualism- When both species benefit Commensalism- When one species benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 53

Define Succesion

Answer 53

Change in an ecosystem over time

Question 54

Define primary succession

Answer 54

Begins when no soil is present

Question 55

Define pioneer communities

Answer 55

The first species to populate an area that produce soil and nutrients when they die

Question 56

Define Climax communities

Answer 56

The stable community that eventually develops

Question 57

Define secondary succession

Answer 57

Begins when soil is present but the old community has been destroyed by an ecological disturbance

Question 58

Define sustainability

Answer 58

Meeting our current needs without compromising the future of the planet

Question 59

What effect did the industrial revolution have?

Answer 59

Better living conditions Improved agriculture Improved medicine Better hygiene

Question 60

What effect did the industrial revolution have?

Answer 60

``` Better living conditions Improved agriculture Improved medicine Better hygiene Slowing the death rate ```