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Biology > Population Dynamics (T1) > Flashcards

Population Dynamics (T1) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

A non-living factor in an ecosystem that affects organisms

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2
Q

Biotic Factor

A

A living factor in an ecosystem that affects organisms

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3
Q

Examples of an Abiotic Factor

A
  • Sunlight
  • Wind
  • Soil pH
  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
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4
Q

Examples of a Biotic Factor

A
  • Disease
  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Predation
  • Competition
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5
Q

Parasitism

A

An ecological relationship where one organism benefits at the other’s cost

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

An ecological relationship where both organisms benefit

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7
Q

Commesnalism

A

An ecological relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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8
Q

Niche

A

All of the environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence the species

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9
Q

Niche Diversity

A

The number of niches in an ecosystem, often determined by abiotic factors

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10
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of species in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Ecological Equilibrium

A

A state of “balance” in an ecosystem

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12
Q

Biological Magnification

A

Increasing concentration of poisons in organisms in higher trophic levels in a food chain or web

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13
Q

Predator Prey Relationship

A

A relationship between two species where one consumes the other as a food source

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14
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Looks toxic, but is non-toxic

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15
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Looks toxic, and is toxic

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16
Q

Aposematic

A

Denoting colouration or markings serving to warn or repel predators (e.g. the corroboree frog poses bright yellow colours to warn/scare off predators)

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16
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition between the same species

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16
Q

Competition

A

When organisms “fight” for the same resources

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16
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between different species

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17
Q

Allelopathy

A

The production of biomolecules by one plant that can either benefit or harm another plant

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17
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

Indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems (usually caused by predators)

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18
Q

Simpson Diversity Index

Study These Flashcards
A

Measures Biodiversity

18
Q

Capture Mark Replace

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A

Measures population size

19
Q

Species Evenness

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A

A measure of the abundance of individuals in each species (quantitative)

20
Species Richness
Measures the amount of different species (quality)
21
Quadrat
A square tool used to measure species richness + evenness by being placed on the ground and having biologists take sample numbers of all the species within the square.
21
Abundance can be measured by:
- Percentage Cover - Population Density - Species Frequency
22
Monotreme Mammals
Egg-laying mammals
23
Placental Mammals
The vast majority of mammals (e.g. humans, whales, giraffes)
23
65 million years ago:
Marsupials migrated to Australia and faced no competition from placental mammals leading to adaptive radiation
23
Non-Placental Mammals
Marsupials (e.g. Koalas, Possums)
24
The 5 Mass Extinctions of Earth
- End-Ordovician (443 million years ago) - End-Devonian (359 million to 380 million years ago) - End-Permian (251 million years ago) - End-Triassic (201 million years ago) - End-Cretaceous (65.5 million years ago)
24
Adaptive Radiation
When a small group of animals adapts into many different species through niches and resources
25
Convergent Evolution
A process where different, unrelated animals evolve the same features and characteristics as each other to overcome similar problems and niches
26
Divergent Evolution
What occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures
27
Measures of time (longest to shortest)
Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs, Ages
27
Fossils
Remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone
27
2 Categories of Fossils
Body Fossils and Trace Fossils
28
Body Fossils
The preserved remains of plants and animals
29
Trace Fossils
Records of animal behaviour (e.g footprints)
30
Fossilisation
The process of preserving animals in stone
31
Altered Fossilisation
Carbonisation - soft tissues become carbon layers which creates coal Pemineralisation - minerals enter dead animal or plant material which attatch to the cellular walls and (over time) harden the bone into stone
32
What 3 Isotopes Are Measured in Ice Cores
- Oxygen 18, 17, and 16 (give a record of ancient water temperatures)
32
What Does Ice Core Drilling Help Measure
- Rings in the ice cores represent different cycles of seasons - Bubbles represent cO2 levels in the past
32
Relative Dating
Finds if one rock/object is older than another rock/object
32
Absolute Dating (Radiometric Dating)
Finds the exact age of a rock fossil
33
How do Half Lives Work
Half of the parent atoms become daughter atoms once the object has reached a certain age
34
Sclerophyll Plants
A type of vegetation that is adapted to long periods of dryness and heat
35
Reasons for Changes in Past Ecosystems
- Climate - Natural Disasters - Human Impact (e.g. Hunting)
35
Demographic Transition
- Pre-industrial - Urbanising/industrialising - Mature industrial - Post-industrial
36
Urbanising/Industrialising (2nd Stage)
Improvements in health care delivery and medicines, coupled with investments in sanitation and infrastructure drop death rates
36
Pre-Industrial (1st Stage)
Crude death rates + crude birth rates keep population level
36
Mature Industrial (3rd Stage)
Death rates continue to decline and economic development incentivises lowering birth rates slightly. However, the population continues to grow exponentially.
37
Post-Industrial (4th Stage)
Population growth begins to level off because the high birth rates have reduced to closely follow the low death rates.

Biology (2 decks)

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