Population Dynamics U4AOS1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Demography
the statistical study of human populations with reference to size, density, distribution and vital stats
Population Distribution
how a population is spread across a global, national, regional and local scale (where people are located)
Population Density
the number of ppl living in an area (usually a square km) density can be described as dense or sparse
Crude Birth Rate
number of births/year in a pop h/w doesn’t take into account gender of age of pop
Birth Rates Stats
- Highest birth rates = African countries H/w exception in North and South of Continent
- Ares of highest birth rates associated with less economically dev areas e.g. Uganda
- Over time pop naturally increases as no. of births exceed no of deaths
- Since 1950s birth rates falling
Reasons for high birth rates
- High infant + child mortality rate b/c unsafe cond.
- Rural areas children = econ asset
- Children can provide old age supp for parents
- Limited access to contraception
- Low levels of education limit women’s decision and ability to plan
- Religious beliefs
- Countries policies against birth control + abortion
Reasons for declining birth rates
- Low infant + child mortality rate b/c safer cond.
- Children seen as econ liability b/c high cost in raising the,
- Welfare systems + superannuation to support aging adults
- Widespread access to contraception
- Many women better educated + expected to have careers outside home – delay or reduce childbirths
- Pro-natalist religious beliefs rejected
- Social success not equated with family size
Total Fertility Rate
average no. of births per woman of child-bearing age b/w 15-49 yrs
- Strongly interconn. with birth rates
- 2021 averaged 2.42 children per woman globally
- TFR falling throughout world
Influences on fertility rates
- Family planning programs extended from urban to rural areas + areas that are LED
- Improvements in health care – lower death rates of younger ppl
- Extension of women’s education and status empower choices
- Urbanization of pop encourages lower fertility b/c high cost of raising children + greater opp for w to have careers
- Role of gov policies
TFR = indicator of future pop growth
Replacement Rate
2.1
the fertility rate at which a pop neither grows or shrinks
- 2.1
- h/w pop can grow if fertility rates below RR b/c large no. of young ppl reaching reproductive age known as population momentum
- ageing pop in countries like Jap and Italy
- crude death rates have fallen worldwide since 1950
Population Momentum
Reasons for crude Birth Rates falling
- spread of knowledge + more effective control of diseases
- individ gov programs + int efforts targeting safer water supplies + improving sanitation red risk of waterborne diseases etc.
- Green Rev – increasing global food supplies + food security
Infant Mortality Rate
average no. of deaths of ppl less than 1yr in age per 1000 live births in a year
Child Mortality Rate
average no. of deaths of children under age of 5 (inc. infants) per 1000 live births per year
- Global average rates of IMR + CMR have declined since 1950s
Maternal Mortality
refers to the no. of mothers who die because of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy
Life Expectancy
the average no of years a person can be expected to live from birth
- Extended life expectancies prod. Ageing pops
Gender ratio and Cause
- b/w 103-106 males are born to every 100 females
Caused by; - trad social system prioritizing boys
- pressure to ensure boy/boys are part of the family
- availability of gender determining tech
- legality of abortion
- parents may opt to terminate pregnancy if prefer a boy over a girl
Population Growth
- until 1750s pop growth = slow b/c birth rates and death rates were high
- exponential growth
- fastes growth rate occurred b/w 1962-1968 at 2.1 and 2.2%
- since 1970s growth rates have slowed b/c falling birth rates b/c rising age of marriage, wider use of contraceptives and trends towards smaller families in many countries
- China and Inda together account for 35.6% of global pop China 17.9% and India 17.7%
- Falls in birth rates in China influenced global stats
- Predictions on world pop size = based on sum of individ national pop growth projections
- Predicted 9.7 billion by 2050
Natural Change
the difference b/w births And deaths
Migration Change
the difference b/w Immigration (In) and Emigration (out)
Country Population Change
Births + immigration - Deaths + emigration
-20% of the world;s countries were experiencing a natural decrease b/c death rates exceeded birth rates which could rise to 50 by 2050
Spatial distribution of current pop growth
- Unevenly distributed
- Majority of ppl located in the NH
- Large concentrations in Asia/Euro
Green Revolution
large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties
Blue Revolution
The Blue Revolution refers to the significant growth and intensification of global aquaculture production—domestication and farming of fish, shellfish
