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Food, Population & Environment > Population Growth and Regulation > Flashcards

Population Growth and Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Current world population is…

A

8 billion (over 200 nations).

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2
Q

By 2050, UN predicts global population will surpass…

A

9.7 billion.

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3
Q

j-curve

A

pattern of growth on graph

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4
Q

Infant mortality rate reduced because of…

A

(1) improved sanitation
(2) modern medicine
(3) higher agricultural output

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5
Q

Infant mortality rate has contributed to…

A

growing population.

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6
Q

Prior to IR, high birth rates were positive because…

A

(1) more children supported parents in old age
(2) greater labor pool for factory work

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7
Q

Malthus argued that…

A

number of people would eventually outgrow available food supply.

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8
Q

Predictions of Malthus and Ehrlich have…

A

not fully come true.

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9
Q

Despite quadrupling of human population, society has not collapsed because of…

A

(1) intensified food production
(2) slowing birth rates due to enhanced prosperity, education, and increasing gender equity

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10
Q

Despite improvements, population growth still…

A

(1) depletes resources
(2) stresses social systems
(3) degrades natural environment

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11
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size of species that environment can sustain indefinitely given food/habitat/water/etc. available in environment

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12
Q

IPAT model

A

framework used to measure environmental impact

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13
Q

IPAT formula

A

I = PAT

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14
Q

I (IPAT)

A

impact on environment

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15
Q

P (IPAT)

A

population growth

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16
Q

A (IPAT)

A

affluence (consumption per capita)

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17
Q

T (IPAT)

A

technology factor

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18
Q

S (IPAT)

A

sensitivity factor (denotes vulnerability of given environment)

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19
Q

Modern-day China demonstrates how IPAT elements create environment impact through…

A

(1) erosion caused by intensive agriculture
(2) withdrawn aquifers/rivers
(3) Low air quality (equivalent to smoking 40 cigarettes)

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20
Q

Human population grows at rate of

A

88 million/year (2.8 people/sec)

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21
Q

Human population reached 1 billion after…

A

1800.

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22
Q

1 billion people are added to population every…

A

12 years.

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23
Q

Population growth rates…

A

vary from place to place.

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24
Q

population doubling time formula

A

years = 70/population growth rate

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25
Global doubling time is...
58 years (70/1.2).
26
China's doubling time prior to one-child policy was...
25 years (70/2.8).
27
Most of next billion added to population will come from...
emerging economies.
28
Emerging economies will...
(1) continue to be economically strained (2) continue environmental degradation due to poverty
29
predicted population formula
predicted population = growth + current population
30
population growth formula
growth = current population*growth rate
31
gross domestic product (GDP)
market value in current dollars of all goods/services produced within an economy for final use during a year
32
gross national product (GNP) gross national income (GNI)
value in current dollars of all goods/services products by nationals (whether in country or not)
33
GNP formula
GNP = GDP + net income from abroad
34
Real GDP and GNP (GNI) accounts for...
price changes (inflation).
35
Net domestic product (NDP) and net national product (NNP) or net national income (NNI) accounts for...
depreciation.
36
Per capita measures accounts for...
population differencs.
37
per capita GDP formula
per capita GDP = GDP/population
38
per capita GNP (GNI) formula
per capita GNP (GNI) = GNP/population
39
per capita NNP (NNI) formula
per capita NNP (NNI) = NNP/population
40
International comparisons often struggle to...
(1) exchange rate volatility (2) relative inflation
41
purchasing power parity (PPP) approach
economic theory that estimates adjustment amount needed on exchange rate between countries for exchange to be equivalent to each country's purchasing power
42
Conventional real per capita measures does not account for...
(1) income distribution (2) natural resource depletion and environmental degradation (3) education and health (4) corruption and crime rates (5) informal sector for goods and services (6) household production
43
income distribution
measures income gap
44
More developed countries (MDCs) have...
(1) higher average per capita GNI (PPP) (2) lower infant mortality rate (3) higher percentage of population over 65
45
Less developed countries (LDCs) have...
(1) lower average per capita GNI (PPP) (2) higher infant mortality rate (3) lower percentage of population over 65
46
Since 1960, gap between per capita income of rich/middle/poor countries has...
widened.
47
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic include...
(1) decrease in global income (2) increased income inequality in US
48
Alternative indicators of economic well-being includes...
genuine progress indictor (GPI).
49
genuine progress indicator (GPI)
GPI = GDP - (environmental costs) - (social/economic costs)
50
Benefits of GPI include...
(1) value of parenting/volunteer work (2) environmental costs (i.e. pollution, wetland loss, nonrenewable resource depletion)
51
Determinants of population growth include...
(1) births (2) deaths (3) net migration (immigration - emigration)
52
population growth formula (with determinants)
growth = births - deaths + net migration
53
crude birth rate
number of live births in a year per 1000 people in population
54
crude death rate
number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in population
55
rate of natural increase
crude birth rate - crude death rate
56
In the past 100 years, death rates have...
decreased.
57
In the past 100 years, birth rates have...
decreased, but not as fast as death rates.
58
Increasing difference between birth/death rates has led to...
rapid population growth.
59
Patterns of change in birth/death rates over time are...
different for developed/developing countries.
60
replacement fertility level
(1) number of children needed by couple to maintain constant population long-term (2) 2.1 children (Most of Europe is below this level)
61
Age structure refers to proportion of population in age classes including...
(1) pre-reproductive (0-14) (2) reproductive (15-44) (3) post-reproductive (over 45)
62
age structure diagrams (population pyramids)
describe relative numbers of individuals at each age class within a population
63
Rapidly growing populations have...
pyramid-shaped age structures with large number of pre-reproductive age individuals.
64
Pyramid with even age distribution indicates...
a stable population.
65
Countries with negative growth/shrinking population has...
lower proportion of pre-reproductive individuals and higher proportion of post-reproductive adults.
66
Naturally occurring sex ratio at birth is...
106 males : 100 females.
67
Developing countries are expected to have pyramid shape through 2025 though...
age structure may become more evenly distributed.
68
Developed countries are expected to have...
increasingly even age distribution through 2025.
69
Older global population will create...
strain on social welfare programs in some countries as fewer young workers are supporting elderly.
70
Aging U.S. population will likely impact average worker through...
increasing tax burden.
71
demographic transition theory
hypothesis relating changes in population growth to stages in economic development
72
Stages of demographic transition include...
(1) pre-industrial (2) transitional (3) industrial (4) post-industrial
73
Demographic transition can fail in countries/cultures that...
place greater value on childbirth or devalue women's rights.
74
Long-term population projection demonstrated through...
(1) age structure diagrams (2) demographic transition theory (3) computer models
75
Factors that influence fertility rates include...
(1) cultural norms (2) lower educational level of women (3) gender inequality (4) view of children as source of security for parents in old age (5) view of children as productive assets
76
Factors that decrease fertility levels include...
(1) increase in affluence/wealth (2) increased educational/employment opportunities for women and empowering women (3) increased urbanization (4) improved medical care (5) decrease in importance and acceptability of child labor (6) increased cost of raising/educating children (7) greater availability of private/public pensions (8) change in religious beliefs/traditions/cultural norms away from encouraging large families (9) greater availability of legal abortions (10) higher average age of marriage (11) family planning/increased access to birth control

Food, Population & Environment (7 decks)

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