Population Studies Flashcards

Question

What does the shape of the population pyramid show you?

Answer 1

Elderly dependents Young dependents Economically Active Sex ratio - balanced or imbalanced

Answer 2

True pyramidal shaped, _______ base, _______ from middle section to the top These indicate ________ BR, fertility rate & DR Population is _________ pop growth is ________ Youthful population with __________ of young dependents Tapering top with ________ of old dependents shows that life expectancy is ________________ Sex ratio is ____________

Answer 3

gives us information about birth and death rates as well aslife expectancy. A population pyramid tells us how high the dependency ratio is Dependants rely upon the economically active for economic support. Many LDCs have a high number of young dependants, while many MDCs have a growing number of elderly dependants. LDCs tend to have high dependency ratio, while MDCs tend to have low dependency ratio.

Answer 4

A model is an abstract representation of reality

Answer 5

Model is based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics - birth rate and death rate Shows population change over time (4 stages) Countries’ total population growth rate changes through various stages Observe trends in birth and death rates of various countries as it develops economically

Answer 6

High birth rate, high death rate

Answer 7

Falling death rate

Answer 8

Falling birth rate

Answer 9

Low birth rate, low death rate

Answer 10

Low birth rate decreasing further

Answer 11

Governments and policy makers –in order to predict where the country is headed and to make appropriate policies

Answer 12

To continue family name; For prestige; Emancipation of women; Less need for replacement children; For labour in agricultural society ; Knowledge about better diet and healthy lifestyle; Family planning; Replacement children; Lack of access to contraceptives and knowledge of how to use contraceptives; Religious opposition to contraceptives and encouraging larger families; Decline in traditional beliefs and customs

Answer 13

High cost of bearing children; Too poor to buy contraceptives

Answer 14

Natural disasters

Answer 15

Stage 2 and stage 3 Death rates fall rapidly Birth rates begin to fall •Improvements in medical care (e.g. more clinics, better trained doctors, vaccinations, etc.) •Better sewers, water supply and sanitation •Improved food supply and education •Falling infant mortality rates less need for replacement children •Laws against child work may be enacted, thus fewer children are born to serve as labour on family farms •Education on contraceptives and family planning, which allows families to have fewer children

Answer 16

Stage 4 and stage 5 Death rates remain low Birth rate falls further birth rate: •Emancipation and education of women •Leads to later and fewer marriages, later child birth •Most people have access to a huge range of family planning options, allowing them to choose to have fewer children •Cost of living is high in DCs, thus people choose to have fewer children as it is expensive to raise them

Answer 17

Low birth rate and low death rate •Life expectancy is high •People have few children, resulting in a shrinking of the young dependent population with each year •In addition, more people live to even older ages, adding to the elderly dependent population •Thus: population is predominantly elderly Lower fertility rate •High cost of living and starting a family •Delayed / later marriages •Higher levels of education •Focus on career Lower death rate •Improved healthcare

Answer 18

Shortage of workers; push up wages; labour cost more expensive higher production cost; less attractive to foreign investors Shortage of talented people; With a small population, Singapore would not be able to produce enough talented people to sustain its economic development; Unattractive to MNCs(multi-national corporations) Higher average age of workforce, older workforce; A rapidly ageing workforce; lower level of innovation and productivity; Older workers may be less familiar with new technology/may be more comfortable with traditional and less efficient methods of production, harder for them to adapt to new practices; Shrinking workforce + lower productivity and innovation; difficult to support economic growth

Answer 19

Increase in dependency ratio: •Growing percentage of aged compared to the young •More people claiming pension benefits, less people working and paying income taxes •Higher tax rates on the current, shrinking workforce. •Those in work may have to pay higher taxes; More strain on economically active population; 1985: 8.5 people to support one old person; 2030: 2 people to support one old person Increase demand for more geriatric and palliative healthcare as well as other social services •Need to upgrade existing facilities to make them more elderly friendly; Increased government spending on health care and pensions; Divert resources from other development projects (e.g. infrastructure development) Underutilisation of facilities: Under-utilisation of facilities previously built for a large population •Schools – financial resources are needed to maintain them but they may not be utilized to their maximum capacity •represents a wastage in resources Changing sectors in the economy •An increase in the numbers of retired people will create a bigger market for goods and services linked to older people E.g. Retirement homes, hospitals May lead to closure or merger of existing facilities which are underused Fewer child bearing women •Even fewer children will be born each year •Vicious cycle which contributes to a declining birth rate More difficult to raise the birth rate in the future with a smaller population •May cause population to shrink in the absence of migration

Answer 20

Weakened defence force •With a declining birth rate, there would be fewer young men to recruit for National Service. •Singapore’s development and defence needs may not be met •Making it vulnerable to external challenges / potential aggressors •Reduction in Singapore’s defence capabilities Weakened defence force presents Singapore as an easy target •Singapore’s future, survival and independence/sovereignty will be threatened. •May also discourage potential investors from investing in Singapore’s economy due to perceived instability and vulnerability •Lower economic growth

Answer 21

Rise in silver industry | •Continued improvements in healthcare sector •Development of new technology catered for elderly

Answer 22

``` Increase birth rate Pro-natalist policies •A population policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives Focus on 3 main areas: •Encouraging marriage •E.g. Housing schemes and grants •Encouraging the having and raising of children •E.g. Enhanced Baby Bonus Scheme •E.g. Tax Deductions •Supporting Work-Life Harmony •E.g. Leave schemes Tax deductions Includes tax rebates and relief Reduces the total amount of tax one has to pay •Parenthood Tax Rebate •Working Mother’s Child Relief •Grandparent Caregiver Relief •Reduce cost of raising children ```

Answer 23

* Parents are eligible to claim tax rebates for each child born: * 1stchild: $5 000 * 2ndchild: $10 000 * 3rdchild onwards: $20 000

Answer 24

* Working mothers can claim tax relief for each child born: * 1stchild: 15% of mother’s income * 2ndchild: 20% of mother’s income * 3rdchild onwards: 25% of mother’s income * Pre-requisites: * Mother must be married, divorced or widowed * Child must be a Singaporean citizen

Answer 25

* Allows working mothers to claim tax relief if their parent/grandparent is helping to care for the child * Can claim up to $3000 tax relief * Pre-requisites: * For working mothers only * Grandparent caregiver cannot be working

Population Studies Flashcards

(50 cards)