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BIOLOGY PAPER 2 > POPULATIONS, SUSTAINABILITY + ECOSYSTEMS > Flashcards

POPULATIONS, SUSTAINABILITY + ECOSYSTEMS Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the size of a population that an ecosystem can support due to abiotic and biotic factors

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2
Q

what is an abiotic factor?

A

non living
- temperature/weather

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3
Q

what is a biotic factor?

A

living
- interspecific competition (food, habitat)
- intraspecific competition (mates, food, territory)
- predators

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4
Q

conservation

A

maintaining the biodiversity of species and maintaining the ecosystems through active intervention

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5
Q

preservation

A

minimising human impact on an ecosystem / habitat by maintaining them in their present state

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6
Q

economic reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • natural spaces attract tourism
  • natural resources come from sensitive ecosystems
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7
Q

social reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • ecosystems not fully understood, there is a lot to discover
  • natural spaces are important for wellbeing
  • people can rely on these ecosystems to live
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8
Q

ethical reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • duty to protect species in unique ecosystems and maintain biodiversity
  • moral duty to preserve ecosystems for future generations to use and benefit from
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9
Q

population

A

all the organisms of a particular species living in a specific area

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10
Q

community

A

all the populations of different species living and interacting in an area at the same time

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

self contained unit where the community interacts with abiotic and biotic factors

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12
Q

habitat

A

the area where an organism lives

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13
Q

niche

A

the role a species has in an ecosystem including interactions with abiotic and biotic factors

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14
Q

describe sustainable management of timber

A
  • as timber is removed it can be replaced by saplings
  • coppicing cuts tree trunks close to the ground
  • pollarding cuts trees near the top to promote the growth of a dense head of foliage and prevents animals eating developing leaves
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15
Q

describe sustainable management of fish stocks

A
  • prevent overfishing by banning destructive methods like bottom trawling
  • fishing quotas between countries
  • only fish of a particular size are harvested
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16
Q

describe the Galapagos islands as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

series of islands off the coast of Ecuador which have mostly endemic species

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17
Q

describe Antarctica as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

large unique landmass which is unpopulated by humans that hosts unique organisms and marine ecosystems

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18
Q

describe the Lake District as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

mountain range with a series of lakes in England

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19
Q

describe snowdonia as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

large region concentrated around mountains and lakes in Wales made if varied habitats and hosts unique species

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20
Q

protective measures in the Galapagos islands

A
  • international and local protection
  • limited visitors
  • legal protection of endangered species
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21
Q

protective measures in Antarctica

A
  • permits required for visitors
  • all organisms legally protected
  • international treaties to prevent mining and drilling for oil
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22
Q

protective measures in the lake district

A
  • designated as a national park and protection from developments
  • sustainable tourism to fund management and conservation of the area
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23
Q

protective measures in snowdonia

A
  • protection from developments
  • sustainable tourism strategies to fund conservation
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24
Q

describe the Masai mara

A

several ecosystems in Kenya, unique or rare plant & animal species

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25
conflicts in the Masai mara
- animals under threat from poaching - land under threat from agriculture and housing - land needs to be actively conserved to prevent succession of woodland community
26
solutions in the Masai mara
- ecotourism to provide income for conservation initiatives - illegal poaching occurs so controlled hunting and financing conservation - safari parks provide protection and preserve habitats
27
describe the terai region in Nepal
subtropical wetland ecosystem in the foot of the Himalayas with rare animals
28
conflicts in the terai region
- fertile land used for producing many crops so farmers have been draining land which leads to erosion and flooding - poverty and corruption mean unregulated logging and hunting take place
29
solutions in the terai region
- several national parks designated within the ecosystem to provide space for conservation/preservation - national parks and tourism provide income for local people which prevents unauthorised land use
30
describe peat bogs
form from decaying plant matter in very wet, acidic conditions where moss, small plants and invertebrates live store of carbon and destruction increases CO2
31
conflict of peat bogs
- used to be a source of fuel until alternatives were used - in high demand by gardeners to improve garden soil which sparked industry in peat removal
32
solutions of peat bogs
- alternative fuels now used - peat bogs have been protected - education programmes make gardeners aware of sustainable alternatives
33
community
all populations of different species living in the same place at the same time
34
biome
large scale ecosystem defined by abiotic factors
35
biosphere
area of planet where organisms live eg ground, water, air
36
biomass
the mass of living material present
37
trophic biomass
biomass x total organisms - made up of carbon compound cells and tissues - measured by discounting water as organisms have varied amounts of water
38
trophic level
each stage in a food chain
39
what is the trend in biomass down the food chain?
decreases as energy is lost as heat
40
stages in the food chain
- producer - converts light into chemical energy via photosynthesis - primary consumer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer - quaternary consumer
41
ecological efficiency
efficiency by which biomass is transferred - biomass after / biomass before
42
gross primary production
rate at which chemical energy is stored by producers
43
net primary production
gross pp - energy used - energy leftover after respiration in plants
44
energy consumed
biomass + waste + respiration
45
how is energy lost from plants?
- leaf transmission - light not correct wavelength - limited water limits photosynthesis - loss via photosynthesis
46
how is energy lost from animals?
- not all biomass is eaten - heat loss - not all is digested - excretory material
47
energy efficiency change at producer level
1-3% light converted due to plant energy loss
48
energy efficiency change at consumer level
10% energy used, loss dye to heat/respiration but organisms contain more energy so this is transferred to form biomass
49
intensive farming
- specially bred animals to increase growth - digestible diet with growth hormones and antibiotics - restrict movement - exclusion of predators - slaughtered young
50
carbon cycle
carbon moves between living organisms and the non living environment
51
decomposer
organism breaks down dead organic matter via extracellular respiration and digestion by secreting digestive enzymes onto organic matter and absorbing nutrients, releasing inorganics back to environment
52
detritus
fragments of decomposing material - if not present the carbon becomes trapped and becomes fossil fuels
53
detritivores
feed on detritus and increase surface area to speed up decomposition using internal digestion
54
succession
long term directional change from bare inorganic surfaces to plant & climax communities over time - changes to abiotic factors change the plants/animals present
55
sere
stage of change
56
primary succession
- formation/exposure of land - no soil or organic material - slow
57
secondary succession
- soil present - rapid - no plants/animals
58
pioneer seral stage
- lichens/algae - highly adapted so rapid germination, photosynthesise, nitrogen fixing, tolerate extreme environments
59
intermediate seral stage
- surface weathers - pioneers die and become humus - organics formed: secondary coloniser mosses, scrubland shrubs, tertiary grasses which are adapted to water loss
60
climax seral stage
- stable - environment dependent - there is often a dominant species
61
deflected succession
conservation to maintain habitats and biodiversity by managing succession
62
capture recapture method
- used for organisms which move around - capture sample - mark those in sample - recapture and identify the proportion of those marked
63
assumptions of the capture recapture method
- closed population with no migration, births or deaths - all members of population mix randomly - marks do not harm organism or affect recapture chances
64
how can human activities manipulate the transfer of biomass through ecosystems?
- artificial light in greenhouses - fertilisers - selective breeding for fast growth - pesticides - weed killers - plant crops that store energy in edible form

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (8 decks)

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