Populaton - Exam Questions Flashcards
Explain why birth rates are still high in many LEDS (4 marks)
Lack of /don’t use/cannot afford contraception;
Lack of education about contraception/about problems of large families;
Children needed for work/to earn money/for farming; needed to look after elderly/no pensions;
Children needed to do household chores or examples – fetching wood/water, cleaning house, looking after younger children;
Traditional views about large families/polygamy/families want a male child;
Religious/cultural views on contraception/abortion/family size;
High infant mortality/they have more babies so some will survive;
Early marriages/teenage pregnancy;
Lack of emancipation for women/women don’t have careers/lack of education for women;
No access to abortion, etc.
Describe problems caused by rapid population growth in urban areas in LEDS
Lack of housing/squatter settlements/homeless;
Unemployment/no work/low pay/exploitation;
Pressure on/lack of health care/hospitals etc;
Pressure on/lack of education/schools;
Inadequate (clean) water supply;
Power cuts/outages/not enough electricity;
Traffic congestion/lots of traffic;
Air pollution/water pollution;
Lack of food/famine;
Poverty;
Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets;
Specified crime;
People live close together spreading disease/so hard to control disease;
Lack of recreational areas
Specified impact on surrounding natural environment, e.g. deforestation, loss of habitat, etc.
Give 3 reasons why death rates vary from country to country (3 marks)
health care/ medicines/hospitals
food supply/starvation
water supply/quality/drought
diseases
wars
vaccinations
care for elderly
education about healthcare/disease
Explain why governments of some MEDCs are now concerned that birth rats are too low in their countries (5 marks)
Shortage of workers
Ageing population/increase in elderly people/lots of old dependents. May need to pay more pensions/provide more care homes for elderly
Low level of production/businesses fail
May need to raise more taxes
Economic decline
Explain why birth rates are high in LEDCS
- Low use/lack of/lack of access to contraception/cannot afford contraception/family planning;
- Lack of knowledge of/information about contraception/impacts of large families;
- Religious issues which encourage large families/object to use of contraceptives;
- Children are often used to work in fields/send out to work from a young age/work in family business/at home/economic assets;
- Children look after elderly relatives/no pensions available;
-High infant mortality rate/many people have more babies in case other children do not survive;
- Women not educated/don’t have careers;
For and example of a country you have studies explain why natural population growth rates are high
(High birth rates due to…..):
Lack/use of contraceptives (availability/cost/education);
Lack of/don’t use/no contraceptives (L1)
Religious influences;
Cultural influences;
Infant mortality;
Children sent out to work (on land/in homes/on streets etc);
Lack of pensions, etc.
(Declining death rates due to…..):
Better health care;
Improvements in sanitation;
Improvements in water supply;
More food supply, etc.
Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named parts of the chosen country;
Population data;
Statistics, etc.
Explain why there are low rates of natural population growth in MEDCs such as the UK.
Low BR / fertility rates;
Use of / availability of contraception / family planning is widespread / can afford contraception;
Availability of abortions;
Educated about family planning / problems of large population growth; Women are educated / many women have careers / emancipation;
Expense of large families / people want to buy luxury goods;
Benefits are available for elderly / no need for many children to look after the elderly / old people have pensions / care homes;
Education is compulsory;
Low IMR rates;
Get married later / have children later;
Children not needed as workers / on farms;
Secular society / religious beliefs do not prevent use of contraception;
Etc.
Explain why improvements in health care can lead to changes in population growth rates (5 marks)
Ideas such as: 5 Falling/low death rates/less die;
Longer life expectancy/more elderly people;
More doctors/more medicines/hospitals/vaccinations;
Falling infant mortality/more babies survive/no need to have babies in case some don’t survive;
Less babies born/have fewer children/birth rate decreases;
People can survive diseases/treat diseases.
Give three reasons why death rates vary from country for country (3 marks)
health care/hospital/clinics/medicines;
number of people per doctor/availability of doctors; food supply/diet/famine/starvation;
water supply/quality/drought;
sanitation/hygiene;
diseases or examples/AIDS or HIV;
wars;
vaccinations;
education about healthcare/disease;
care for the elderly/pensions etc.
Suggest how government polices and other factors may reduce a countries birth rate. (4 marks)
government restricted family size/restricted number of children by the use of two-child limit;
people fined/had land taken off them/lost income if they did not follow the policy;
contraception/abortions made available or made cheaper; campaigns for people to use contraception/abortions; people concentrating on careers;
education of women;
education about family planning;
later marriages;
improvement of infant healthcare/lower IMR; pensions;
mechanisation of farms/less agricultural work/more emphasis on secondary and tertiary sector etc.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by over population.
A country that is overpopulated: Bangladesh
Location
- North eastern part of South Asia
- Capital city of Bangladesh is Ohakar which is the most densely populated place in the country
Background:
- Currently world’s number 1 most overpopulated country
- Total population - 164.7 million .
- Population density - 1265per km2
Overpopulation is the state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the capacity of the ecological setting.
Reasons for overpopulation:
- The average monthly earning for somebody living in Bangladesh is 100 dollars compared 3500 dollars living in the United States. Most people cannot afford to move out of the country.
- Bangladesh has the world’s best agricultural land with largest delta and large amount of fertile land. People working in the farming industry profit a lot from it.
Effects:
Social problems
- high crime rate to to poverty and how dense the population is
- infrastructure problems - traffic congestion
Economic problems
- food shortage
- unemployment
- health problems
- not enough education in Bangladesh for all the children
Environmental problems
- lots of water and air pollution, deforestation for space
- monsoon season can leave a large amount of people homeless
-latest delta in the world is located in Dhaka which helps with agriculture
Solutions:
The government introduced birth control solutions in the 1980s, ever since there is some slowdown in the birth rate.
The fertility rate dropped from 6.4 In 1980 to 2.10 in 2016.
For a named country you have studied, describe the problems which have been caused by a rapid growth in its population.
Hudson to update
Content Guide:
Candidates are likely to refer to problems such as:
Unemployment
Lack of housing/squatter settlements
Pressure on education
Insufficient health care
Shortage of water
Difficulties of providing good sanitation
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
Water pollution
Deforestation
Species impact etc.
Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named places within the country
Specific details of problems
Statistics etc.
For a named country or area you have studied, explain why it is sparsely populated.
A country that is underpopulated: Australia
Location:
- Situated in the Southern Hemisphere between Indian and Pacific Ocean
- Capital city of Australia is Canberra
Background:
- Total population of only 26.17 million people
- Population density of 3.38 people per km2
- Australia is the 4th most underpopulated country in the world.
- It is a very rich country in resources; it has a large reserve of iron ore, coal, gold, copper, natural gas and uranium.
- The population mostly live towards the coasts of the island, mainly South West and South East.
Underpopulation is when a county has a lower population density the what is normal or desired.
Causes for underpopulation:
- low birth rate of 1.66
- geographical location
- lack of water inland
- shortage of workers
- not many people have migrated to Australia since independence in 1901.
Effects:
- high cost of living
- less people to pay for government decreases GDP
- lack of mean
- inland is almost empty with most people living on the coast
- less urbanisation
Solutions:
The government had made it easier for migrants to come into the country and get nationality.
Improved healthcare.
For a named country you have studies, describe a policy which is used to influence natural population growth rates
Example for China mark scheme - Hudson to update.
Place specific examples include:
Locational details - where situated China
Specific details -
One child policy 1979-2016, relaxed in 1999
Examples of paragraphs which could be included in an answer to achieve Level 3:
The one child policy consisted of a number of approaches including incentives which were intended to encourage people to only have one child. These included better employment opportunities, extra pension benefits and preferential hospital treatment for those with one child.
In addition to incentives there were also penalties. These were ways in which people were punished for having more than one child. These often took the form of fines in some areas such as Henan these were up to 3x the annual income of the couple violating the rules. There were also reports of forced abortions and sterilisations. The ‘granny police’ were people in villages paid to report on any couple’s breaking the laws.
There were some exceptions to the rules. In rural areas couples could try for a second child if their first child was a girl or if a couple’s first child had disabilities.
Describe the positive and negative impacts of migration on the migrants themselves on a country you have studied (7 marks)
Hudson to update
