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AAA VMS4002 > Porcine Pathology > Flashcards

Porcine Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Overfeeding of sow in gestation

A
  • Constipation
  • Predisposes to mastitis, metritis + agalactia
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2
Q

Farrowing complications

A
  • Over-sized, oedematous +/- emphysematous piglet
  • Needing to void bladder
  • Uterine torsion - cannot correct due to long uterine horns, euth sow, recover piglets
  • Uterine tear
  • Prolonged farrowing
  • Sick sow/dead piglets
  • Retained piglet = sow paddling leg
  • Metritis + endometritis
  • Normal + abnormal discharges
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3
Q

Piglets born dead (BD)

A
  • <10% total born, meconium staining, lungs fail to float, ‘slippers’
  • Older sows
  • Overfat sows
  • Slow farrowings
  • Excessive or inadequate manual interference
  • Nervous/agitated mothers (esp gilts)
  • Last piglets born
  • Low birth weights
  • Stress during early preg/implantation
  • Disease - Leptospirosis, Parvovirus, Chlamydia, PRRS, Aujezsky’s disease
  • Ill sow
  • Delayed or prolonged parturition
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4
Q

Mummified piglets

A
  • <2% total born
  • External cause - mycotoxins
  • Disease - inc in irregular returns, inc % mummified, early farrowing -> non-viable, inc NIPs (not in pig) at farrowing/empty sow
  • PRRS
  • Parvovirus
  • Aujesky’s disease
  • Mycotoxin challenge
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5
Q

Colostrum importance

A
  • AB
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Hormones, GFs -> weight gain when matures
  • Food = heat
  • Vit A, D, E
  • Laxative
  • Induces pH in stomach, changing pepsinogen to pepsin
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6
Q

Piglets pre-disposed to disease

A
  • Small size/large SA -> lose heat fast
  • Lack of brown fat (no internal heat source)
  • Little surface fat + no hair (no insulation)
  • Born wet w/ birth fluids -> further chilling
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7
Q

Poor intakes of colostrum

A
  • Low birth weights
  • Insufficient working teats
  • Stressed sow/gilt - won’t want to lie down
  • Mastitis
  • Chilling - too cold to move
  • Cross-fostering before first suckle
  • Management interventions performed too early e.g. teeth + tail
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8
Q

Farrowing fever

A
  • MMA = mastitis, metritis + agalactia syndrome
  • Partially created by man
  • Common in smallholders
  • Sow over-conditioned before farrowing then at farrowing will be off food
  • Sow goes off food; may have mastitis +/- metritis + vag discharge: +/- hungry piglets
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9
Q

Fostering

A
  • If teat low/non-func, piglet growth reduced/dies > 5 d
  • Move before piglet is too disadvantaged
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10
Q

Savaging

A
  • Nervous mother
  • Often first parity gilt
  • Noisy farrowing house
  • Large piglets being born
  • Associated w/ pain of farrowing + squealing of piglets
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11
Q

Sow shoulder sores

A
  • Lesions -> bony swelling of shoulder blade, more susceptible next farrowing
  • Thin sows
  • Rough floors/slats
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12
Q

Sow not eating at farrowing

A
  • Mastitis
  • Pyrexic
  • Faecal colour + consistency - ulceration, constipation
  • Other CS of illness
  • Vag discharge - metritis?
  • Piglet condition
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13
Q

Weaning mortality

A
  • 50% overlays - sow crushing piglets to death
  • 25% starvation
    25% other
  • Lame
  • Scour
  • Streptococcal meningitis
  • Congenital deformities
  • Epidemic tremor
  • Savaging
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14
Q

Overlays

A
  • Too cold - piglets won’t move to eat
  • Poor colostrum intake
  • Excess hot sow restless
  • Farrowing crate too small/oversized sow
  • Sow - uncomfortable/stressed/lame/shoulder sores
  • Piglets hungry e.g. sow w/ mastitis - piglets always around sow
  • 2y to something else e.g. lame/weak piglet not moving fast enough when sow lies down
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15
Q

Starvation of piglets

A
  • Piglet moves from teat to teat in first few days then establishes on one teat, even if non-func, starvation seen from 5 d
  • Mastitis in previous lactation
  • Insufficient teats
  • Blind teats
  • Inverted nipples
  • Trauma

(Runt = born small - litter size, birth weights
Starvation = normal size at birth, but then fades, especially from day 5 onward)

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16
Q

Blind teats

A
  • Piglets born onto rough concrete get rubbed nipples
  • Teats no longer func
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17
Q

Piglet diseases

A
  • Overlays
  • Starvation
  • Congenital deformities
  • Scour, neonatal + later
  • Lameness
  • Joint ill
  • Nervous signs/meningitis
  • Resp disease
  • Skin lesion
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18
Q

Lame piglets

A
  • Strep suis
  • Large litters
  • Low colostrum
  • Rough floors; rough slats
  • Injury from sow -> death, arthritis, pyaemia (septicaemia)
  • Joint ill
  • Trauma - iron injections
  • FMDV (foot + mouth)
  • SVD (swine vesicular disease)
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19
Q

Foot + knee damage (piglet)

A
  • Foot v soft at birth
  • Rough, wet floor surface
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20
Q

Sudden onset acute lame piglets/weaners

A
  • Strep suis type 14
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21
Q

Lameness - joint ill (from pyaemia) (piglet)

A
  • Dirty teeth or tail clippers
  • Dirty vacc needles/contaminated bottles
  • Infected navels
  • Low colostrum intakes
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22
Q

Scouring piglets

A
  • Poor BCS
  • Hairy piglets
  • Red anus + vulva
  • Wet around tails
  • ‘Hollow’ flanks
  • Smell
  • 0 - 48 h = bacterial, E. coli or clostridia - C&S
  • 7 - 10 d = rotavirus, E. coli, later on coccidiosis
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23
Q

PEDv (porcine epidemic diarrhoea)

A
  • Severe in N America + Asia, less virulent strains in Europe
  • Explosive outbreak of watery D+ w/ reduced appetite + lethargy, sometimes V+, all ages
  • High mortality (30 - 100%) in suckling piglets, all parities of sows, may be found dead before D+ noticed
  • Weaned + older pigs, PED = transient + pigs recover
  • ND in England
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24
Q

Neurological signs (piglet)

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Congenital tremors
  • S. suis meningitis - several strains, severity varies -> paddling, nystagmus
  • ND = Aujesky’s disease, ASF, Talfan/Teschen (Teschovirus encephalomyelitis)
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25
Skin lesions (piglet)
- Greasy pig - Epitheliogenesis imperfecta - Pityriasis rosea - Abrasive necrosis
26
Congenital deformities (piglet)
- Splay leg - Atresia ani - Cleft palate - Thickened forelegs - Congenital tremor - okay when sleep but severe prevents suckling -> knee damage - Hydrocephalus - No action - euth
27
Splay leg
- Weak piglets - Low birth weights - Compounded by smooth floors - Genetic - Landrace - Die from starvation or overlay
28
Stressors at weaning
- Maternal separation - Now social hierarchy - New environment + temp - Necessity to locate new feed + water sources - Dietary change from liquid milk to solid cereal based diet
29
Effect of weaning stressors
- Post-weaning anorexia - maintenance energy requirements not met until 3 d post-weaning, intake dec at weaning - Stomach less acidic, absorptive surface of gut dec, malabsorption - gut not ready for cereal digestion, protective immune factors in milk removed - Damaged gut barrier func -> malabsorption, D+ + dehydration, gut inflam, systemic disease
30
Rapid growth (weaners)
- Feed efficiency declines w/ age - Lost lean growth at this stage not regained later - Capacity for lean growth declines w/ age - middle-aged spread
31
Hygiene performance
- Disease control - Improve performance - pig sick - Welfare - preventing harm or disease - Carryover of disease - Maintenance of buildings - servicing, repair, C&D
32
Identifying sick pig
- CS of disease - eyes, ears + nose - Social interactions - Eating/drinking - Scour - Skin colour/wounds - Resp rate - Lameness - Warmth seeking - Behaviour - Posture - Perineal soiling - Swollen joint/navel
33
Temp effect on growth rates
- For every 1 C below lower critical temp of thermoneutral zone (between 15 - 30 C) - Pig loses 10 - 12 g live weight gain per day - If too warm - won't eat as much - Too cold - eat plenty, less energy used for growth
34
Development of unevenness post weaning
- Overcrowding - uneven no. sows farrowing - Poor hygiene - Cold - Incorrect ration - Poor ventilation - Not enough feed space or hoppers not being refilled freq - Disease
35
Small weaner
- Less heat production - require higher ambient temperatures - Eat less food - need better diet - Prone to disease - Less able to compete - Continue to be disadvantaged
36
Factors that affect feed intake (weaner)
- Blocked hoppers - Dust - Wet/soiled feed - Damage to feeders - Incorrect diet - Water flow rates - Ambient temp - Health problems
37
Aggression (weaner)
- Social hierarchy - Mixing pig - Avoid vice - Gets worse as get older
38
Diseases (weaners)
39
Factors affecting health
- Stress - Temp - Poor ventilation - Incorrect diet - Inadequate water supply - Stocking rate - Poor hygiene + maintenance - Previous health problems - Visitors/breaches in biosecurity
40
Post-weaning D+
- 7 - 10 d post-weaning - E. coli infections - some scour, others -> bowel oedema - Good piglets growing well, squeaky squeal, puffy eyes, sudden deaths - Salmonella - PCV-2 - Take swabs from untreated pigs for bacteriology + antimicrobial sensitivity
41
PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)
- PCV-2 - 30% post-weaning mort - 3 - 4 w post-weaning - Pigs weaning in good condition, start to lose weight -> yellow scour -> death
42
PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome) - PME signs
- Massive H+ + oedema of mesenteric + inguinal LNs - Yellow scour in colon - Enlarged spleen + liver - Lung congestion (inc coughing) - 'Turkey egg' kidney = enlarged + mottled
43
PDNS (porcine dermatitis + nephropathy syndrome) (weaner)
- Massive dark black skin lesions - Most affected die - Ear tips may drop off
44
Meningitis (weaner)
- Most common cause = Strep suis type 2 - Sporadic cases = Glassers, consequences of pyaemia (e.g. from tail biting), salt poisoning/water deprivation, oedema disease - Environmental conditions inc, see in spring - large temp fluctuations e.g. Autumn, high humidity, poor ventilation, overstocking - Dx - swabs of heart blood, CSF
45
Meningitis CS (weaner)
- Sudden death - often don't see any CS, just dead piglet Neuro signs - Ataxia - Recum - Paddling - Proprioceptive deficits - Pyrexia
46
Systemic streptococcus suis (weaner)
- CS - systemic effects - joint swelling, lethargy, inappetence, seizure, nystagmus, sudden death - Dx - PME = nothing, fibrin-polyserositis, endocarditis - Microbiology - heart blood, joint fluid, meningeal swab
47
Disease transmission between UK farms (pigs + people transmission)
- Meningitis - streptococcus suis - Enzootic pneumonia - mycoplasma hypopneumonia - Blue ear - PRRS - Influenza - Swine dysentery
48
Notifiable/exotic diseases
- ASF - working its way across Europe in animals + products - CSF - FMDV - PED - porcine epidemic diarrhoea - Aujeszky's disease - no tin UK
49
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED)
- V pathogenic - 1 mL solution of 1 g diarrhoea in 748 gallons of water will infect a pig
50
Endemic diseases
- EP - mycoplasma hyponeumoniae - PCV-2 - possible to have +ive PCR result if have vaccinated animals - don't know if infection active + significant from PCR - cannot used for definitive Dx - Erysipelas - Parvovirus - E. coli - Clostridial disease
51
Serology
- PRRS - EP (enzootic pneumonia) - Ileitis - Swine influenza (paired samples)
52
Tail biting
Housing + husbandry -> behaviour, welfare issue - when not happy, exhibit vice - Crowded - Temp variation - Uneven tail dock length - Inadequate feed or water space - Other diseases present -> 'grumpy' pig - Genotype - Welfare regulations - must have manipulative material e.g. straw to distract/bite - Not always to tail, can be flank/ears
53
Main groups of diseases
- Enteric disorders - Resp diseases Everything else - Mulberry heart - Meningitis - Skin disorders, erysipelas - Lameness - Vice - Management factors - food, water, space, ventilation, scrape through, hygiene between batches
54
Enteric disorders post-weaning
- Ileitis - E. coli - PCV2-AD - PED - Salmonella - Colitis - Brachyspira - PMWS - post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - Swine dysentery
55
Scouring in older pigs
- Colitis = dietary - Ileitis - Lawsonia intracellularis - Salmonella - Swine dysentery = Brachyspira hyodysenteriae - Yersinia - PED/TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis) - Non-specific - Brachyspira pilosicoli, intestinal parasites - Swine fever
56
Lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)
(PIA = porcine intestinal adenomatosis) - Endemic in UK - often just see loose faeces Variation in CS - Peracute = sudden death from intestinal haemorrhage, 'Haemorrhagic enteropathy' - Acute - magenta colour scour - Chronic - scour - Subclinical - poor growth
57
Acute ileitis
- Extensive H+ in intestine - Difficult to distinguish between from intestinal torsion, open pig v slowly (or will inc freckles) - If bowel wall not inflamed, check for stomach ulcer
58
Chronic ileitis
- Diphtheritic gut - Enlarged mesenteric LN - Thickened diphtheritic terminal ileum (just before joining colon)
59
Swine dysentery
- Brachyspira hyodysenteria - Dysenteric scour - blood + mucous - Massive weight loss + deaths - High mortality if not controlled - Deaths in sows + finishers - DDx = acute ileitis - CS = blood + mucus in faeces - Dx = CS, culture - PCR
60
Swine dysentery vs acute ileitis
- SD in colon, not ileum - Higher mortality - Can affect sows - Generally in older pigs
61
Why is swine dysentery on the inc?
- Biosecurity - loading ramps, clean lorries - Wildlife - birds, foxes - Some strains resistant to some antimicrobials
62
Dx approach to enteric disease
- Clinical Hx - age, stage of production, vacc, feeding Hx - Clinical inspection - morbidity + mortality - Investigation - faecal sampling, swabs, pooled faeces samples (untreated pigs); PME - gross appearance, intestinal samples, histology sections; submit carcase to APHA - Tx + control options - group/indiv; in feed/water/injection; vacc; nutritional manipulation - Public health implications - zoonotic e.g. Salmonella
63
Respiratory diseases
- EP - enzootic pneumonia - mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - APP = Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia - PRRS = porcine reproductive + respiratory syndrome - Glassers = Glaesserella parasuis - SI = swine influenza - AR = atrophic rhinitis - pasteurella + bordetella - PMWS - porcine circovirus type 2 - Coronavirus - Pasteurella/Mannheimia - Inclusion body rhinintis
64
Respiratory CS
- Coughing/sneezing - Inc resp effort = really struggling - Nasal/ocular discharge - Dec appetite - Condition loss - Repro effects - PRRS, flu in breeding stocks - Death
65
Resp Dx
- Blood samples - serology, PCR - Nasal/tonsillar swabs - flu - Upper tracheal - PME - lung, histopath
66
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- Consolidation of tips of apical + cardiac lobes - Dec daily average gain + FCR - Coughing, esp older pigs, pale pigs, inc mortality
67
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - abattoir score of lungs
- Apical (cranial) = 10 x 2 - Cardiac (middle) = 10 x 2 - Diaphragmatic (caudal) = 5 x 2 - Intermediate (accessory) = 5 x 1 (RHS) - Max possible score = 55
68
APP - actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
- Lesions in centre of diaphragmatic lobe - Area of intense H+ + Overlying pleurisy - Looks like 'liver' - Deep abdo cough - Reduced growth rates - Sudden deaths, sometimes coughing - Chronic, 'heavy' coughing + reduced growth + some cases, sudden death - 15 main serotypes, producing 3 diff toxins - Infection from dam - MDA last 5 - 5 w, 10 w w/ vacc
69
Glassers (G. parasuis)
- Pericarditis + pleurisy (inflam of pleura) - Polserositis - can affect all serous surfaces = joints, meninges - Common infection - Often occurs following immune suppression e.g. PRRS or PMWS - If severe outbreak - check for predisposing factors - PRRS or PCV2
70
Atrophic rhinitis
- Nasal distortion - seen later in life - Bordetella damages nasal mem allowing toxigenic Pasteurella to enter + damage turbinates - Piglet infection -> sneezing - Tear staining
71
PRRS = porcine respiratory and reproductive disease
- 'Blue ear' seen in initial outbreak - ear tip + snout necrosis - Acute outbreak - sick sows, abortions, deaths, v high piglet mortality, inc in other resp diseases - Endemic disease - pneumonia w/ lung congestion + oedema, monitor by serology, sometimes see blue ears - Predispose to other diseases e.g. piglet scour
72
Swine flu
- First outbreak on farm - All cough - sows, piglets, growers - Finishers stop eating for 1 - 2 w - Some deaths - Endemics - waves of coughing in finishers + inc mortality, severity depends on strain, 'blue flu' = PRRS + flu
73
PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex)
Mixed infection - PRRSv coronavirus - Swine influenza virus - Circovirus (PCV2) - Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae - Haemophilus parasuis - Streptococcus suis - Bordetella bronchiseptica - Actinobacillus suis - Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
74
Dx approach to resp disease
- Clinical Hx - age, stage of production, source vacc Hx, health status - Clinical inspection - morbidity + mortality, CS - Investigation - serology if indicated; PME, gross path, histopath, sampling from lower RT; nasal, pharyngeal, tracheal swabs - DDx - Tx + control options - group/indiv; in feed/water/injection; vacc; nutritional manipulation - Public health implications - zoonotic
75
Nasal swabs
- Virus isolation for flu
76
Pharyngeal/tracheal swabs
- EP (enzootic pneumonia) by PCR on throat swabs, early stages of outbreak for positive result
77
Oral fluids
- PRRS - Ropes hung in pens, pigs chew - Fluids squeezed out of ropes into tube -> tested via PCR
78
Rectal prolapse
- Constipation = low fibre - 'Grist' of food too fine - Over-crowding - Inc pressure e.g. fighting - Excess coughing - Scouring + rectal irritation due to medication, coughing etc - Mycotoxins - DON = deoxynivalenol - Excessive lysine (> 20% above target, target = 1.25%)
79
Skin lesions/changes of pigs
- Mange - FMDV - Lice - CSF - PDNS - Greasy pig - ASF - Erysipelas - Flank biting - Tail biting + vulva biting - Fighting Ear tip necrosis - Hairy coat = sick/cold pig - Pig pox - Ringworm - Sun burn - Straw rash - Sow shoulder sores - Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
80
Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)
- Skin 'diamonds', may scab later, sometimes skin lesions scab off - Pyrexia - Inappetence - Reduced fertility in sows - May get endocarditis + joint lesions
81
Greasy pig
- = Exudative epidermatitis due to Staphy hyicus - Weaners + growers - Dermatitis - Poor ventilation, damp conditions, fighting, skin damage e.g. mange - High suckling losses - esp gilt litters
82
Ascarids - milk spot
- SI roundworm - Difficult to eradicate in continuous flow scrape-through system - Milk spot = exposure in previous 6 w - Can cause total obstruction of SI in weaners/growers - Lesion extended into substance of liver, no. milk spots per affected liver = indicator of severity
83
Hernias
- Scrotal + Umbilical - Genetic - Umbilical = environmental influence - Rare to Tx - Housed on straw - some regress - gut fibre content inc - Growth rate poor, sell early - May need to send FCI (food chain info) to abattoir - If skin ulcerated, unfit for transport, welfare prosecution
84
Mycoplasma arthritis
- M. hyosynoviae - Infection from dam to piglet; carried by piglet to finisher weight - Onset disease associated w/ stress - e.g. weighing prior to sale, mixing, transport of gilts - Sudden onset of acute lameness - whole leg held, if both hind legs, then reluctant to stand, pyrexia - sometimes hock swellings
85
Kyphosis
- Congenital + progressive - Leads to depressed growth - Hereditary - carefully monitor gilts - Slaughter early
86
Anaesthesia
- Sx - e.g. vasectomy, castration - Minor Sx - sitch-up - Management procedures - foot trimming, detusking
87
Sedation
- Limit savaging at farrowing - Prevent fighting
88
Euthanasia - legal
- To protect animal welfare - w/o causing unnecessary suffering - Blunt force trauma = neonates only
89
Mechanical euthanasia
- Quick + reasonably clean, small amount of restraint - Limited stress - Agonal movement - Can appear violent - Human stunners = not killers - must be backed up by destruction of the brain stem (pitching) or bleeding - Massive, sudden inc in pressure in skull, followed by immediate dec of equal magnitude -> total brain dysfunction - Restraint necessary
90
Physical signs of effective stun
- Animal collapses immediately + stops breathing - Front legs + neck extended w/ hind legs flexed into lower abdo - Fixed glazed expression in eyes - No corneal reflex - Relaxed lower jaw w/ tongue hanging out
91
Ineffective stun - return to consciousness signs
- Resumption of rhythmic breathing - Stun again immediately
92
Firearms considerations
- Size + age of animal - Location - Accessibility of target area - Presence of onlookers - What is safe + legal - Operator competence
93
Blunt trauma
- Only suitable for small piglets - Manual or mechanical - Must be done w/ absolute force + confidence -> effective
94
Transmission of disease
- Pigs - People - Stockman, Contractors, Vets, Lorry Driver - Vehicles – Pig Lorries, Feed, Deadstock, Visitors, Tractors, Postman etc. - Wildlife – Rodents, Birds (Including migratory!) - Feed - Human food – The Ham Sandwich Theory! - no pork products allowed - Semen - monitor boars closely - Airborne - PRRS, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
95
Excessive mounting
- Puberty/sexual maturity - Excessive sexual behaviour - Biting of penis
96
Mulberry heart disease
- Sudden deaths - Rapidly growing pig - Vit E deficiency + selenium deficiency in diet - Dx: enlarged heart with excess pericardial fluid, enlarged liver, fibrin tags in abdomen
97
Contraindications of captive bolt stunning
- Older animals + sows + boars - thicker bone - Vietnamese pot-bellied pig - massive plate of bone - Consider shotgun
98
Gilts
- Needed to maintain herd size - Planned introduction - Replacement rate (40-60%) - Disease - Depopulation /partial /total - Increased culls - Fertility problems
99
Replacement gilts - bought in
- Disease risk - macro diseases: PRRS, EP, S. suis, swine dysentery - Herd stability - change to existing microflora - Increased speed of genetic improvement - don't have to wait for own gilts to be reared - Fewer economic constraints on rearing herd - Already selected - for KPIs
100
Replacement gilts - home-reared
- Less risk of introducing disease - Genetic lag - Formal breeding programme needed - Alternative growing stream - Numbers required - Selection
101
Health status (gilt)
- High health vs conventional - Equivalence or higher status needed for incoming animals - PRRS, mycoplasma - EP, mange, strep. suis - high health should be negative - Consider vaccination pre- and post-delivery - Isolation requirements - min 30 d - Acclimation - Don't buy in from poorer herd status
102
Isolation (gilt)
- Preventing introduction of new pathogens to the recipient herd - Isolated for at least 28 d - Isolation managed as AIAO - Allows pre-entry diagnostics, serology, vaccination - Monitoring clinical signs - Biosecurity
103
Health acclimation (gilt)
- Slowly expose incoming gilts to the organisms and pathogens existing in the recipient herd - Giving gilts time to establish immunity - Too little – inadequate immunity, will affect productivity - Too much – may see clinical disease and death, will affect productivity - Combination – natural exposure and vaccination - Exposure – direct or indirect contact
104
Vaccination (gilt)
- Vary depending on health status - Parvovirus and erysipelas vaccination essential - Consider PRRS, EP, PCV2, HPS (Glassers/haemophilus parasuis), Ileitis
105
Exposure (to pathogens specific to farm in gilts)
- Not be earlier than 20 - 22 weeks of age - Not within 3 weeks of breeding - Feedback not permitted - Controlled exposure - 3 x week for 3 weeks
106
Gilt eligibility - factors
- Maximise feed intake prior to first service - essential for growth + meeting reproductive potential, avoid feed restrictions while growing - BW at first service - reflects growth + body maturity - 136 - 145 kg, approx 200 d - Immunity - solid acclimation - don't serve within 3 w of last vacc/any other health procedure - Selection - approx 90% - Age at first service = 200 - 230 d on second heat
107
Gilt selection
- Good feet and legs - At least 14 functional teats - Mature vulva - Good temperament - Avoid deformity e.g. kyphosis or where litter mates show signs of hernia etc. - Gilt fertility performance is improved by increased back fat - take gilts off high lysine finisher food by 70 - 80kg and put onto sow food + don’t overfeed, can lead to leg problems - Move them near to boar and record heats - Serve at second or third heat - Give gilts plenty of human contact, handling etc
108
Teat selection
- Minimum 14, preferably 16 teats - Check for damaged teats - rubbed when piglets; inverted nipples - Evenly spaced - Close to mid-line, not too ‘splayed’
109
Vulval maturity (gilt)
110
Boar exposure
- Daily exposure to a mature boar – or can use a vasectomised boar - Do not expose prepubertal gilts to boar: habituation problem - Daily boar exposure at/after 24 weeks - Supervise to avoid accidental mating or injury
111
Anoestrus (gilt)
- Age - immature/heavy enough - Poor environment - Bullying/stress - Disease - Lameness - No boar presence - Poor light - Nutrition - Sunburn - Pregnant
112
Gilt, clinical issues - reproduction conditions
- Parvovirus - SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death + infertility) - PRRS - ND: Aujeszky’s disease, CSF, ASF, Brucellosis - Leptospirosis - Listeriosis - Erysipelas - Mycotoxins - Vitamin deficiency (A,E, biotin) - Cystitis and pyelonephritis
113
Most common cause of culling sows early
- Reproductive failure - Lameness + leg problems - E.g. Osteochondrosis
114
Production cycle + key parameters
Farrow - 12.71 born alive (13.80) - 0.58 born dead (<10%) - <12.4 % loss to weaning (10.59) - 10.65 weaned (12.33) - 24.12 wpspy (weaned per sale per year) (29.33) - Wean at 28 d -> 2.44 litters per sow per year - Heat 4 - 6 d after weaning - 21d cycle length - 115 d pregnancy (3m, 3w, 3d) - Sell at 22 weeks = 155 d at 110 kg = 700 g/day - Serve 10 - 15% more sows than your target farrowings to maintain even no. farrowing - Need sows to come on heat as batch so they farrow in short time scale
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Weaning to service (WTS) interval factors
- Stressful at weaning - BCS of sows + gilts - Length of suckling period -No. + weight of piglets - Inappropriate management at weaning - Aim for 5 - 6 d - Empty days cost money - inc WTS interval will affect production, dec time = inc production
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Dec weaning to service interval
- Excessive weight loss during lactation - Short suckling period - Extended suckling period - Few piglets of small piglets - Large litter of big piglets - Small litter of big piglets - Large litter of small piglets - Discharge / MMA (mastitis, metritis, agalactia) in farrowing house
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Weaning age
- Consistent - Requirement for 28 d (can be 21 d w/ suitable accomm)
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Lactation length factors
- Sow condition and feeding - Size and weight of weaners - Future farrowing space requirements - Culling policy - Fostering techniques
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Fertility KPI
- WPSPY/LPSPY - 115 d gestation - + 5 d wean to service - + 4 d (= 20% of 21 d) for repeat serves/returns - + 10 d for deaths, culls etc of preg sows - = 134 d per cycle / 2.72 litters/sow/year - Prolonged weaning + high % returns = reduced litters/sow/year Average - 2.2 - 2.3 LPSPY = farrowing index - 85 - 90% sows farrow = farrowing index
120
Fertilisation
- Fertilisation in oviduct - Move to uterus at approx day 4 - Then migrate along uterus at day 7 - 10 - Placenta elongates at day 12 – 14 and attaches to uterine wall - By 28 - 30 days, pregnancy is reasonably firmly established
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Early preg/losses %
- 20 eggs produced = 100% - 18 eggs fertilised = 90% - 15 embryos at 21 d = 75% - 13 foetuses at term = 65% - 12 born alive = 60%
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Signs of heat - when stimulated by boar
- Ears prick - Sharp grunt - Enlarged + red + moist vulva - Mounting activity of each other - Spot on = apply back pressure + won't move
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Timing of mating
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AI technique
- Ovulation occurs 2/3rds through oestrous, 36 - 44 hr after onset of heat - Need to AI before ovulation, if 2x/day detection, OK to miss first heat - Incorrect timing of AI affects litter size - Back pressure is the best sign of heat - AI twice per heat, or 3x if prolonged heat - Longer heat (and more fertile) if short W-S interval - Conversely shorter heat if long W-S interval, so AI at onset of heat - Better heats in spring than autumn
125
Semen care
- Gently mix twice daily - nourish semen - Store at 17 C - Make sure that temp does not fluctuate when you take semen to sow - Clean DRY catheters - Some farms collect semen, dilute and AI
126
Boar fertility factors
- Nutrition - Health - flu, PRRS - Housing - Usage - Legs - mounting - Flooring - Condition
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Boar facts/KPI
- Puberty at ~5 months - Fertility improves by around 7 - 8 months - Ideally start working by 12 months - Working patterns can vary – natural service vs stud - Sperm takes 6 weeks to produce - Each ejaculate is ~250 mL in three fractions - Usually sterile – contamination from preputial sac - Ejaculation takes around 15 - 20 minutes
128
Failure in libido (boar)
- Health - febrile, lame, pain, clinically well? - Management - overworked, unsuitable matings, stockmanship - Environment - slippery floors, unfamiliar noise - Other - frustration, mycotoxins, presence/absence of other boars
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Boar bleeding after service
- Torn penile frenulum - if persistent, can break or rip - Blood -> reduced semen fertility - More common in outdoor units - esp, if ground is muddy + uneven - boar gets pushed off sow in group situation - Often recurs
130
Boar consideration
- Other boars present / not present? - - Familiar surroundings - Routine / stockman - Patience - Boar grouping/rotation - Supervision with young boars/gilts - Size mis-match
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Increased returns
- Regular = conception failure - 21 d, failure to identify - Irregular = embryo death (or served when not on heat) e.g. abortion, something not observed, record keeping sig - Check boar effect - 'Autumn infertility’ = common for decreased fertility as daylight decreases, so check lighting pattern
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Reproductive failure
- Parvovirus - PRRS - Leptospirosis - Erysipelas - Cystitis and pyelonephritis - Influenza - CSF / ASF / Brucellosis / Aujezsky’s Disease - Nutritional deficiencies - Mycotoxins - Lameness - Management
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Conception - boar factors
- Over/under work - Age/condition/weight - Mismatched sizes - Mating area - Semen storage - AI technique
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Conception - sow/gilt factors
- Timing of service - Age/condition/weight - Mating area - Feed levels ‘flushing’ - Strong oestrus
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Service to 21 d
- Low stress - Critical time for fertilised ova to adhere to uterine wall 'implantation' - Approx 2 kg
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21 d to 90 d prior to farrowing
- PD - Moving/mixing/re-grouping - Usually restricted - Depends on condition - ~2kg
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90 d to exit for farrowing
- Visual check for health - Increase feed for gilts and thin sows - 2.5 - 2.7 kg - Maintain feed at a lower level for fat sows and gilts - ~2kg
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Pregnancy
- Vacc 3 - 4 w pre-farrowing
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Infertility - non-infectious
- Failure to conceive - Management - Stress - timing of insemination - Nutrition - Failure to identify NIP (not in pig), poor PD ability
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Infertility - infectious causes
- PRRS - Erysipelas - Parvovirus - Leptospirosis - SIV - PCV-2
141
Infertility - PRRS
- PRRS herd status - Timing of infection, seroconversion - Transient pyrexia, laboured breathing, anorexia - Abortion – RTS, early farrowings - Increased stillbirths, mummified piglets, increased mortality in piglets - Agalactia, decreased appetite, anoestrus - Economically sig
142
NIP - not in pig sows - infertility
- Should only be 1 – 2 % - records essential - Failure to check for returns at 18 - 30 days (Often boar running with or adjacent to sows) - Failure to pregnancy check - Abortions - Simply never served - e.g. just left with boar and hope - Make sure sows are ear tagged and checked at due date, otherwise they may simply stay in dry sow yard
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Abortion - litters born before term
- Fever - most diseases cause - PRRS - Parvovirus - Circovirus - Mycotoxins - nutritional - Erysipelas - Leptospirosis - Notifiables - abortion storm - Management factors - Environmental factors
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Sow replacement rate
- Replace at least 45 % of herd per year - 20% + of each farrowing may be gilts - 100 sow herd needs 45 gilts per year introduced into the herd - Purchase or home rear - Purchase = disease risk, mitigated as far as possible - Home rear - uneven supply and dam line pigs often do not compete with meat line breeds - Look ahead at farrowings, if you see a reduced number of sows due to farrow in any month, then need to bring in gilts - Target cull after 6th parity (beyond this milking ability drops, so although numbers born may be OK, numbers weaned will be poorer)
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Health problems in dry sow period
- Anoestrus - Coughing - Diarrhoea - Haemorrhage - Lameness - Mastitis - Inappetance - Pyelonephritis - inc in warmer months, cloudy urine + vag discharge, not drinking as much - Skin diseases - Loss of condition - Vomiting - Abortion
146
Diseases associated w/ feed + nutrition
- Abortion - Colitis - Fractures / OCD / osteoporosis - Mulberry heart disease - Rectal prolapse - Respiratory disease - Gastric torsions - MMA - mastitis, metritis, agalactia - Water deprivation / salt poisoning Anaemia Diarrhoea Ulceration Mycotoxicosis Reproductive problems Obesity Starvation
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Why vaccs are not infallible
- Incorrect diagnosis - wrong disease - Incorrect timing of administration, e.g. just 7 d pre-farrowing - Contamination – needle left in bottle - Poor storage – vaccine left out of fridge/storage - Poor piglet colostrum intakes – weak, chilling, low birth weights, sow mastitis - Sow immunosuppression – cold, hunger, PRRS, flu, other intercurrent diseases, - Vaccine site abscesses - Incorrect administration e.g. given IM not SC
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Mastitis post-weaning
- Reduces milking ability next litter - Sows running milk - Wet, dirty floors - Slippery floors Failure to clean out daily - Overcrowded - Mouldy straw bedding
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Vices in breeding sows – vulval biting
- More common in late preg sow w/ enlarged vulva - Overfat sows/unease - Consider welfare of group - if unhappy sows, more likely to bite: - Overcrowded - Continual mixing of sows = dynamic groups - Uncomfortable housing, especially too hot - Inadequate feeding or drinking space - Rogue sow, temperament
150
Mange - Sarcoptes scabei var suis
- Reduced weight gain; rubbing/itching sows damages buildings; reduced carcase value if skin has to be removed - Dx - thickening of skin around neck; white crusts in ear – black discharge is normal; red scabs on inside of boar legs; skin scrape and microscopy
151
Lice – Haematopinus suis
- Uncommon in commercial herds - Dx - 5 mm - can be seen moving around by naked eye - Esp. visible on neck
152
Vaginal/cervical prolapse
- Cervical/Vaginal most common in breeding sows
153
Uterine (+ rectal) prolapse
- More likely in older sows - Large litters may contribute
154
Sudden deaths in sows
- Usually summer - autumn - Gastric torsion - Clostridial infections - Pyelonephritis - Stomach ulcers - PMS not common - need proper handler, v heavy animal
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Sudden death - gastric torsion
- Massively bloated carcase - Gross dilation of stomach - Try to find torsion at root - Often sow in farrowing house ate, okay in the morning, dead by afternoon - Should be uncommon - May be combined w/ splenic torsion - Usually lactating sows - Irregular feeding intervals - Excess excitement
156
Clostridium novyi (oedematiens)
- Straw-bedded systems, dirty straw or soil - Usually sporadic cases - Can get regular deaths when introduced into risk area - PME - care, older carcasses can look like this from normal decomposition, so it must be fresh, typical ‘aero chocolate’ liver = fizzy liver§; blood throughout carcass; haemorrhages in heart and muscle
157
Cystitis and pyelonephritis
- H+ on bladder wall - Cystitis common, and as the bladder valve becomes eroded, can get ascending infection to kidney - Water deprivation: ureate crystals on vulva - Blood in urine is cystitis/pyelonephritis - (Pus is more likely to be vaginitis)
158
Stomach ulcers
- Sudden death - Pale carcass - Associated with ‘grist’ of food - Usually only sporadic cases - Can have outbreaks in growers and finishers
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Health problems in dry sow period
- Anoestrus - Coughing - Diarrhoea - Haemorrhage - Lameness - Mastitis - Inappetance - Pyelonephritis - Skin diseases - Loss of condition - Vomiting - Abortion
160
Common causes of dietary problems in pigs
- Salt poisoning + water deprivation - common in pet/backyard chickens - risks of fed illegal household waste + imbalances in diet - Rickets - hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia or hypovitaminosis D - Iron deficiency anaemia - all commercial piglets given iron injections if live outside - Selenium / Vit E deficiency -> mulberry heart disease
161
Vitamin E deficiency
- Complex deficiency - > major CS relating to effects on energy - Hepatocytes + muscle cells most in heart + skeleton affected - Syndrome develops as result of CHF coupled w/ hydropericardium
162
Salt poisoning / water deprivation
- CS - inappetence, ataxia, seizure, lethargy + unwilling to stand, depression - Illegal diet - unbalanced + high in salt e.g. food waste (pet pigs) - Acute onset progressive neurological

AAA VMS4002 (15 decks)

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