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Porcine reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the life cycle of the porcine ovary (steps)

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. early antral follicle
  5. atretic follicle
  6. graafian follicle
  7. ovulation
  8. early corpus luteum
  9. mature corpus luteum
  10. corpus albicans
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2
Q

Describe the primordial follicle, stage of oocyte and influence

A

it has a central located oocyte and single layer of granulosa cells

  • basement lamina
  • dictyate oocyte
  • granulosa cells

oocyte is in arrested meiotic prophase

Growth independent on gonadotropin

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3
Q

Describe the primary follicle, stage of oocyte and influence

A

follicle growth, proliferation of granulsa cells, zona pellusicda formation, theca cell differentiation

fully grown oocyte

growth is gonadotropin independent

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4
Q

Describe the secondary follicle, stage of oocyte and hormonal influence

A

follicle growt, increased number of granulosa cell layers

fully grow oocyte

dependent upon gonadotropins to grow

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5
Q

Describe early tertiary (antral) follicle

state of oocyte

Hormone relations

A

formation of the antrum, increased number of granulosa cells

fully grown oocyte

gonadotropin dependent growth, secretion of steroids by granulosa and theca cells

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6
Q

Which follicles have a Gonadotropin dependent growth?

A

Secondary follicle, early tertiary follicle

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7
Q

Secretions by theca and granulosa cells

A

Theca cells: androstendion

Granulosa cells: estradiol

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8
Q

Describe the structures present in a pre-ovulatory follicle

stage of the oocyte

A

Blood vessles inbetween the theca cells

basement membrane, granulosa cells

‘antrum with follicular fluid and

oocyte at metaphase II stage

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9
Q

What is the cause for the increasing progesterone level judt before the ovulation?

A

Just before the ovulation, the wall of the follicle has an increasing number of lutein cells growing - glutein patches

they produce progesterone

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10
Q

What is special about the pre-ovulatroy follicle? structurally

A

It has an antrum with follicular fluid

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11
Q

What hormones are found in the follicular fluid

A

estradiol in the follicular phase

progesterone at ovulation

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12
Q

Describe the Peri-ovulatory/luteinizing follicle

A

theca-luteal cells

increase vascularization

granulosa-luteal cells

disruption og basement membrane –> oocyte ovulating

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13
Q

What causes the oocyte to leave the follicle?

A

The increaseing pressure inside the follicle due to the increasing FF, the basement membrane ruptures and the oocyte is pushed out

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14
Q

Define follicle rupture

A

“flow out”

of a mature follicle and discharge of an oocyte into the oviduct

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15
Q

Why is the ovulation a inflammation like process?

A

There is structural changes

  • the follicular wall will change
  • there will be a dissolutionof the CT of tunica albuginea and theca interna

Canges in vascularization

  • marked hyperemia and edema
  • increased ovarian and follicular blood flow
  • increased vascular permeability

proteolytic enzymes

  • plasmin activating system
  • collagenase

influence of prostaglandin

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16
Q

What is the cumulus-oocyte complex

A

the ovulated oocyte protected by a cloud of granulosa cells

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17
Q

What are the main elements of corpus luteum development

  • preovulatory
  • periovulatory
  • post-ovulatory
A

preovulatory

  • vascular elements
  • granulosa cells
  • thea cells

periovulatory

  • hyperaemia
  • enlargement
  • lutein patches producing progesteron

post ovulatory

  • increasing vascularization
  • break of the theca-granulosa barier
  • invasion of vascular elements into the luteal parenchyma
  • dispersion of theca cells throughout the corpus luteum
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18
Q

What celltypes are present in the corpus luteum?

A

immune system cells

fibrocytes

large and small luteal cells

vascular cells

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19
Q

Define luteolysis

A

the process whereby the corpus luteum degenerates near the end of the nonfertile estrous cycle

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20
Q

What are the mechanisms regulating the lifespan of CL?

A

reduction of LH pulse of CL

increased estrogen production

influence of PGF2a

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21
Q

Difference of the secretion of LH in the luteal and follicular phase

A

follicular: LH is secreted in smaller concentration but in higher amplitude

luteal phase: LH is secreted in higher concentration but at lower amplitude

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22
Q

Length of the pig cycle

A

21 days

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23
Q

Define recruitment

A

the process wherin the follicle departs from the resting pool to begin a pattern of grwoth and development

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24
Q

Define selection

A

final winnowing of maturing follicular cohort by atresia down to a size equal to the species characteristic ovulatory quota

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25
How many days does it take for the follicule to get to the preantral phase?
90 days
26
how many days does it take for the early antral phase to get to the antral phase?
14 days
27
Does pigs have 1 or 2 waves of LH?
1
28
During which phase does the recruitment occur?
during the luteal phase
29
During which phase does the selection occur?
Follicular phase
30
What is the dual function of the follicle?
steroidgenesis gametogenesis
31
What is the FF?
serum transudate modified by follicular metabolic activities
32
Functions of the FF
* regulation of granulosa cell function, initiation of folliuclar growth and steroidgenesis * oocyte maturation and ovulation * preparation of the follicle for the formation of subsequent corpus luteum * regulation of the follicular cycle (inhibitory and stimulatory factors
33
Meiotic maturation
the progression from the dictyate stage to metaphase II of meiosis
34
Characterization of meiotic mautration
dissolution of oocyte's nuclear membrane condensation of chromatin separation of homologous chromosomes emission of the first polar body arrest of meiosis with chromosome aligned ont he metaphase II spindle
35
describe the progression from primoridal germ cells to oocte at ovulation
In the fetus * initiation of meiosis * meiotic arrest in the post partum adult * growt of the follicle * respumption of meiosis at full growth * metaphase II * meitoc arrest
36
How long will all the recruited cells keep growing?
the primoridal follicles that are recruited from the resting pool willgrow for 3 months until it reaches the preantral stage, and then during the estrous cycle they will grom from small antral to preovulatory follicles
37
What is the boar:sow ratio?
1:25
38
minimum age of breeding, boar
7.5 months
39
Gloved hand collection
easy, observation of penis and seminal fuid first ejaculation should be discarded filter out the seminal plasma gel
40
Functions of the oviduct
Pick up of oocyte transport of both sperm and oocytes sperm reservoir sperma and oocyte development: capacitation fertilization early embryonic development
41
Histiroarchitecture of the oviduct
infundibulum ampulla isthmus
42
Uterotubal junction
Where the sperm cells are stored
43
ampuleric istmic junction
the exact site of fertilization
44
The oviduct changes its milieu during the different part of th cycle, which are the factors being altered?
pH osmotic pressure nutrients specific secretory products signal molecules
45
Describe the sperm transport
1. rapid passage through the uterus 2. clonization of a sperm reservoir in the caudal isthmus - UTJ 3. slow release toward the site of fertilization - AIJ
46
what is the ration of sperm to oocyte in the ampullary part of the oviduct?
relatively equal porpotion to prevent polyspermy
47
What are the mechanism of regulation to prevent the polyspermy?
sperm gradient ovarian control of sperm release from the functional sperm reservoir to ensure a relevant sperm/oocyte ratio
48
What is the sperm gradient in the uterus as opposed to the AIJ?
billions to couple 100
49
How are sperm cells kept at the reservoir?
they get into a temporary arrest becuase of * narrowed lumen,, increased oedema of the mucosa and a viscous mucus * lower temperature * local enzymatic and ionic milieu * selective binding of spermatoxoa to the epithelium * dramatically reduced sperm motility * delayed capacitation
50
What causes the sperm cells to move out from the reservir (peri-ovulatory progression of spermatozoa from the functional reservoir) * ovarian signals (progesterone) * opening of the lumen, decreased oedema * capacitation, acrosomal reaction * dissolution of the hyaluronicacid rich mucus * hyperactive sperm motility - only in isthmic section * directed oviductal contraction - peristalsis
51
Describe the oocyte pick-up and transport
the oocytes are ovulated at the metaphase stage II oocytes are picked up by the cilia-covered fimbria and guided through the indundibulum intot he ampulla oocytes in their cumulus aggregate within a so-called egg or cumulus plug - the cumulus fights off the ciliary cells protecting the oocyte allowing it to move forward untouched oviductal contractions will also move it toward the ampulla
52
ovum transport and fertilization
rapid transport - 30 min . thorugh the infundibulum and to the ampulla to the AIJ cumulus expansion - dissolution of the remaining cumulus investment at the same time the sperm are let out of the reservoir and transported/swims to AIJ
53
Fertilization - Explain in general steps
Oocyte MII + spacitated spermatozoa attaches (ZP-binding, acrosome reaction, oocyte activation MII--\>AII) penetration zona hardening and pronucleus formation fusion of x and c pronucleus zygote
54
early embryonic development within the oviduct
1. development form zygote to IV cell embryo * zygote after 8h * cleavage starts one day later * IV after 26-32h 2. IV-cell embryo enters the uterus after 50-56h at this time the concentration of progesterone ahs gone up and the lumen os the isthmic section is increasing so that the embry is able to enter the uterus
55
Factors influencing the fertilization within the oviduct
sperm aging - premature inseminaiton oocyte aging - belated insemination infulence of endogenous hormone dysregulation and of exogenous hormones - superovulation
56
sperm - steps during fertilization
* the sperm penetrates the cumulus * acrosomal sperm activation * contact with ZP (hardening) - loosing the tail * penetration into the perivitelline space * completion of the second meitoic division * polar body is extruded * decondensation of sperm head * pronucleus formation * extrusion of 2nd polar body * pronuclus migrate to oocyte center * dispersion of nuclear enveloped * prophase of 1st mitosis division
57
Describe the zygote stages in the * oviduct * uterus
Oviduct: zygot --\> IV-cell uterus: VIII-cell --\> blastocyst (32)
58
Blastocyst formation
development of tight intracelluar junctions of the morula during compaction is folloed by th accumulation of fluid with the central cavity froming a blastocoele or explained differently after the morula stage there will be growing and dividing blastocysts that are slowly differing from eachoter - differ into two types of cells in the expanded blastocyst whilst a cavity is formed along side filled with fluid
59
How is the position of the cells in the growing blastocyst relevant?
with the expansion of the blastocoele (fluidcavity) it will position cells on the inside or outside of the vesicle where they differentiate into trophoblasts (outside) or embryobladt (inside)
60
Zonal hatching
The growing blastocyst is getting too big for the ZP - it takes 6 days for the blastocyst to outgrow the ZP it is a combination of physical and enzymatic process
61
Why is it important to know when the zonal hatching occurs?
In embro collection. it is impossible to find the embryo after it has hatched
62
Intrauterine migration
after th hatching, and the loss of XP the emrby can now attch to the maternal uterine epithelium
63
Intrauterine spacing
it is important with equidistant spacing to ensure embryonic survival. the embryos must be spread out to as cover most of the tissue of the uterus so that less estrogen can be produced
64
For how many days does the embry migrate and space?
until day 12
65
Explain the most important steps of early pregnancy
Fertilization * sperm attachment * sperm penetration * pronucleus formaiton cleavage * 2- cell embry to morula ealry embryonic development * blastocyst formation * zona hatching * intrauterine migration and spacing implantation * conceptur expansion * implantation
66
Time events in early embryonic development blastocyst formation blastocyst elongation initial placentation birth
Blastocyst formation * blastocyst: 5-6 * hatching: \>6 blastocyst elongation * 11-15days initial placentation * 13d birth * 112-115 d
67
At the late blastocystic stage the blastocyst will divide into ICM and trophectoderm cells - what will these further develop into?
Trophectoderm cells: placenta inncer cell mass: fetus
68
Gastrulation
establishing the further development 3 cell layers of ICM
69
3 cell layers of ICM
Ectoderma, mesoderma, endoderma
70
further differentiation of ectoderm
skin, hair, mammary gland, nerovous system
71
further differentiation of mesoderm
heart, blood vessel, kidneys, bones, musces, reproductiveorgans, CT, adipose tissue
72
further differentiation of endoderm
liver, pancreas, epithel layer of GI organs, resp orgnas

Reproduction (2 decks)

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