Porifera

Question 1

Aboral side

Answer 1

The oral/anterior end of an animal

Question 2

Amebocyte

Answer 2

A mobile cell (moving like an amoeba with pseudopoda) in the body of invertebrates like echinoderms, mollusks, tunicates or sponges.

Question 3

Animalia

Answer 3

Kingdom also known as Metozoa, animalia are heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms, multicellular lacking a cell wall.

Question 4

Apomorphy

Answer 4

A derived trait; a trait that a particular species and its ancestors all carry.

Question 5

Aquiferous System

Answer 5

A system of canals created by the tubed feet, characteristic of the porifera. Used to capture choanocytes and pump food. Can be arranged in asconoid, syconoid and leunocoid form.

Question 6

Archaeocyte

Answer 6

amoebocyte cells found in sponges that are totipotent (have the capability of maturing into various different types of cells based on its needs)

Question 7

Asconoid

Answer 7

Type of Aquiferous system where small and tube shaped, water enters the sponge through dermal pores and flows into the atrium. A choanocyte flagella creates the current to expel it through a single osculum.

Question 8

Asymmetric Body Plan

Answer 8

Characteristic of porifera, the body plan has no line of symmetry.

Question 9

Autapomorphies

Answer 9

Derived trait (distinct anatomical feature) that defines a taxon.

Question 10

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 10

A body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism are roughly the mirror image of one another.

Question 11

Budding

Answer 11

A form of asexual reproduction where a small part of the body separates from the parent and develops into a complete organism.

Question 12

Cellular Grade

Answer 12

Porifera are organized at a cellular grade and are not yet considered true tissues, as they have no structures for cell-to-cell communication.

Question 13

Choanocyte

Answer 13

(also called the collar cell) A single-celled protist ancestor to fungi and animals with a ring of microvilli surrounding the flagellum, which is used for transport and feeding.

Question 14

Choanocyte chamber

Answer 14

Any cavity lined by choanocytes and located between inhalant and exhalant systems

Question 15

Choanoderm

Answer 15

Cell lining of the cavity made by choanocyte cells.

Question 16

Cladistics

Answer 16

A method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common.

Question 17

Cladogram

Answer 17

A branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

Question 18

Collagen

Answer 18

The main structural protein found in animal connective tissue.

Question 19

Dioecious

Answer 19

Having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.

Question 20

Eukaryote

Answer 20

Cells with nuclei.

Question 21

Fragmentation

Answer 21

Method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits its body (fragments it) and regenerates the missing body parts.

Question 22

Gemmule

Answer 22

A tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favorable conditions.

Question 23

Hermaphrodite

Answer 23

An organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics.

Question 24

Heterotroph

Answer 24

An organism needing to ingest its food.

Question 25

Incurrent canal

Answer 25

Internal opening of a sponge through which water flows from the incurrent canal into a radial canal or flagellated chambers

Question 26

Incurrent pore

Answer 26

Incurrent pores or ostia are the openings through which water first enters a sponge. These can be formed by one or more cells.

Question 27

Intracellular digestion

Answer 27

The final breakdown of ingested food into components small enough to be absorbed across the cell membrane; occurs inside the cells of the digestive tract. Digestive enzymes may be secreted for initial breakdown of the meal, but phagocytosis ultimately occurs, and nutrients are absorbed across the membrane of the phagosome into the cell.

Question 28

Leuconoid

Answer 28

The most complex of the three different sponge architectures. Choanocytes are found in chambers, and there is no spongocoel. Water enters incurrent canals to the prosopyles and exits the chambers through apopyles, then excurrent canals and the osculum

Question 29

Mesophyl

Answer 29

Gelatinous matrix between the two layers of cells in the body wall of the sponge. Contains spicules and amebocytes but is not homologous with mesoderm

Question 30

Metazoa

Answer 30

True multicellular organisms that exhibit all the characteristics of animals. They have cells, tissues, and organs

Question 31

Monophyletic

Answer 31

A group of organisms, including the ancestor to that group, that all share a common evolutionary line of descent

Question 32

Oral side

Answer 32

: In radially symmetric animals there is no anterior, posterior, left or right sides to the animal. Instead, we refer to the two sides of the animal by the location of the mouth. In this case the side where the mouth is found

Question 33

Osculum

Answer 33

a large aperture in a sponge, through which water is expelled

Question 34

Out group

Answer 34

a group of organisms that serve as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup—the set of organisms under study that specifically allows the phylogeny to be rooted

Question 35

Paraphyletic

Answer 35

Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be monophyletic. A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) is excluded to form a separate group

Question 36

Parazoa

Answer 36

Animals organized at the cellular grade. They lack tissues; evidence of this is the absence of a basement membrane or tight cell junctions between the cells. Usually includes Porifera and Placozoa

Question 37

Parismony

Answer 37

a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct

Question 38

Pinacocyte

Answer 38

Flattened cells that cover the surface of a sponge. Collectively they form the pinacoderm

Question 39

Pinacoderm

Answer 39

Outer layer of pinacocyte cells in a sponge. It is not a tissue, only a layer of cells

Question 40

Polyphyletic

Answer 40

A taxon that includes animals from two or more distinct evolutionary lineages and may not include the ancestor of either. (Compare to monophyletic.)

Question 41

Porifera

Answer 41

Phylum of organisms characterized by having totipotent cells but no tissues, the development of a unique aquiferous system that uses choanocytes and an asymmetric body plan

Question 42

Porocyte

Answer 42

Phylum of organisms characterized by having totipotent cells but no tissues, the development of a unique aquiferous system that uses choanocytes and an asymmetric body plan

Question 43

Radial canal

Answer 43

Finger-like projections in a sponge, lined with choanocytes

Question 44

Sclerocyte

Answer 44

The type of cell producing spicules in sponges

Question 45

Sister group

Answer 45

Pair of taxa that are the closest phylogenetic relatives of each other

Question 46

Spicules

Answer 46

Any needlelike structure. This term is most often thought of in conjunction with sponges and refers to the needlelike structures produced by sponge cells that form the supporting skeleton. In Nematodes spicules are used by the male during copulation. Needlelike deposits of the shell in Mollusca are also referred to as spicules

Question 47

Spongin

Answer 47

Collagenlike material that forms the skeletal system of some sponges

Question 48

Spongocoel

Answer 48

The internal cavity of asconoid and syconoid sponges that opens to the outside through the osculum. There is no spongocoel in a leuconoid sponge

Question 49

Syconoid

Answer 49

Of the different sponge architectures, this is intermediate in its complexity. The spongocoel is no longer lined with choanocytes, now located in radial canals that open to the spongocoel through apopyles. Water enters the radial canals through prosopyles and exits through a single osculum

Question 50

Symplesiomorphies

Answer 50

an ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa

Question 51

Synapomorphies

Answer 51

A new and unique character that a group of organisms all share and that defines the lineage or clade

Question 52

Totipotent cells

Answer 52

When a differentiated cell can change into any one of a variety of different specialized cells found in an organism. These changes will result in the cell carrying out new functions