Positions

Question 1

Thorax - Lateral View(position, centring and collimation)

Answer 1

Position: Lateral recumbency, forelimbs drawn cranially, foam wedges under sternum and neck

Centring: Mid thorax

Collimation: Thoracic inlet, last rib, dorsal and ventral skin edges

Question 2

Thoracic - Ventro-dorsal (position, centring and collimation)

Answer 2

Positioning: Dorsal recumbency, forelimbs drawn cranially, trough to prevent rotation

Centring: Mid thorax

Collimation: Thoracic inlet, last rib, lateral skin edges

Question 3

Thoracic - Dorsoventral (position, centring and collimation)

Answer 3

Positioning: dorsoventral, hindlegs in normal crouch position, spine parallel to cassette

Central: Mid thorax

Collimation: Thoracic inlet, last rib and lateral skin edges

Question 4

Abdomen - Lateral (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 4

Positioning: Lateral recumbency, draw forelimbs cranially and hindlimbs caudally, foam wedge under sternum

Centrum: Last rib

Collimation: xiphisternum (cranial) and greater trochanter (caudal)

Question 5

Abdomen - Ventrodorsal (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 5

Positioning: Ventrodorsal, trough under back to prevent rotation, sternum and pelvis straight

Centring: Midline on the umbilicus

Collimation: xiphisternum (cranial) and greater trochanter (caudal)

Question 6

Shoulder - Lateral (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 6

Positioning: lateral recumbency on same side as shoulder being radiographed. Extend required limb cranially and the other limb caudally

Centring: 1-2cm caudal to the greater tuberosity of humerus

Collimation: Midway along scapula, proximal humerus, 4-5cm cranial and caudal to greater tuberosity

Question 7

Shoulder - Caudocranial (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 7

Positioning: Dorsal recumbency in trough, extend limb of interest cranially

Centring: 1-2cm caudal to greater tuberosity of humerus

Collimation: Midway along scapula, proximal humerus, 4-5cm cranial and caudal to greater tuberosity

Question 8

Humerus - Lateral (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 8

Positioning: Lateral recumbency on same side as shoulder being radiographed, extend require limb cranially and other limb caudally

Centring: Midshaft humerus

Collimation: Include both the shoulder and elbow joint and cranial and caudal skin edges

Question 9

Elbow - Lateral (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 9

Positioning: Lateral recumbency on same side as elbow being radiographed, elbow in natural flexed position or fully flexed, other limb drawn caudally

Centring: Middle of medial humeral condyle

Collimation: Distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna, cranial and caudal skin edges

Question 10

Elbow - Craniocaudal (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 10

Positioning: Sternal recumbency, draw limb of interest cranially, foam pad in between elbow and body to prevent rotation

Centring: Midline, level with humeral condyle

Collimation: Distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna, lateral edges

Question 11

Radius/Ulna - Lateral and craniocaudal (positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 11

Positioning: both lateral and craniocaudal position in same way as elbow

Centring: Midway between elbow and carpus

Collimation: Elbow joint, carpal joint and skin edges

Question 12

Carpus & Forepaw - Dorsopalmer carpus (Positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 12

Positioning: Sternal recumbency, forelimb drawn cranially

Centring: Carpal joint

Collimation: Distal radius/ulna, end of digits, lateral skin edges

Question 13

Carpus / Forepaw - Lateral carpus (Positioning, centring, collimation)

Answer 13

Positioning: Lateral recumbency, forelimb drawn cranially

Centring: Carpal joint

Collimation: Distal radius/ulna, end of digits, lateral skin edges

Question 14

Femur - Lateral (Positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 14

Positioning: Dorsal recumbency but turned slightly so limb of interest falls towards table, extend other limb away, foam wedge under hock so femur is parallel to cassette

Centring: Midway along femur between stifle and greater trochanter

Collimation: Hip, stifle joint and skin edges

Question 15

Femur - Craniocaudal (Positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 15

Positioning: Dorsal recumbency in trough, extend limb of interest and other limb away

Centring: Midway along femur between stifle and greater trochanter

Collimation: Hip, stifle joint and skin edges

Question 16

Stifle - Lateral (Positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 16

Positioning: Lateral recumbency

Centring: Stifle joint

Collimation: Distal femoral diaphysis and proximal femoral diaphysis, caudal and cranial skin edges

Question 17

Tibia & Fibula - Lateral (Positioning, centring and collimation)

Answer 17

Positioning: Lateral recumbency

Centring: Midway between hock and stifle

Collimation: Stifle and hock joints, cranial and caudal skin edges

Question 18

Tarsus (Hock) - Lateral and Craniocaudal (P,C,C)

Answer 18

Positioning Lateral: Lateral recumbency, limb of interest closest to plate, foam wedge under stifle to correct rotation

Positioning Craniocaudal: Dorsal recumbency with trough, limb of interest closest to plate

Centring: Over the tarsus

Collimation: Distal tibia/fibula, meta-tarsals, cranial and caudal skin edges

Question 19

Pelvis - Ventrodorsal (P,C,C)

Answer 19

P: Dorsal recumbency with trough, hindlimbs extended caudally, stifles rotated medially and secured in place, tail in midline

C: Pubic symphysis

C: Wing of ilium, patella or mid-shaft femur, lateral skin edges

Question 20

Cervical Spine - Lateral & Ventrodorsal (P,C,C)

Answer 20

Positioning Lateral: Lateral recumbency, forelimbs drawn caudally, foam wedges under mandible, cervical, lumbar, sternum and between legs

Positioning Ventrodorsal: Dorsal recumbency with trough, head extended, forelimbs drawn caudally

Centring: C3-C4, midway between occipital crest and caudal border of scapula

Collimation: Occipital crest, T1 (first rib), dorsal skin edge, mid neck ventrally

Question 21

Thoracic Spine - Lateral and Ventrodorsal (P,C,C)

Answer 21

Positioning Lateral: Lateral recumbency, forelimbs drawn, foam wedges under mandible, cervical and lumbar and sternum, between legs

Positioning Ventrodorsal: Dorsal recumbency with trough, head extended, forelimbs drawn cranially

Centring: Mid thoracic vertebrae, levels with caudal aspect of scapula

Collimation: Cranial scapula and last rib, dorsal skin edges and midline caudally

Question 22

Skull - Lateral (P,C,C)

Answer 22

Positioning: lateral recumbency, extend neck, foam wedge under muzzle so its parallel

Centring: Midway between eye and ear

Collimation: External nares, caudal skull, dorsal and ventral skin edges