Positive / Negative Reinforcement

Question 1

Reinforcement

Answer 1

• Anything that occurs following a behavior that increases thelikelihood of that behavior happening again

Question 2

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 2

Positive reinforcement: when a behavior is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus and as a result occurs more often in the future

Question 3

Punishment

Answer 3

• Anything that occurs following a behavior that decreases thelikelihood of that behavior happening again

Question 4

Positive Punishment

Answer 4

Positive punishment: when a behavior is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus and as a result occurs less often in the future

Question 5

Negative Punishment

Answer 5

• Negative punishment: when the frequency of a behavior decreases becausepast responses resulted in withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

Question 6

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 6

• Negative reinforcement: when the frequency of a behavior increasesbecause past responses resulted in withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

Question 7

• Unconditioned reinforcer:

Answer 7

• Unconditioned reinforcer: stimulus change that can increase the futurefrequency without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement* E.g., food, water, sexual stimulation

Question 8

• Unconditioned punisher:

Answer 8

• Unconditioned punisher: stimulus change that can decrease the futurefrequency without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement* E.g., painful stimulation, electric shock

Question 9

Evoke

Answer 9

Operant conditioning - we learned it

Question 10

Elicit

Answer 10

Reflex - we didn’t have to learn it

Question 11

Positive reinforcement:

Answer 11

Positive reinforcement: response is followed immediately by thepresentation of a stimulus change that increase future occurrence of similarresponse. R ->sR+

Question 12

SD

Answer 12

Discriminating Stimulus - A SD signals that a reinforcer is available for aresponse.

Question 13

S(Delta which is the triangle)

Answer 13

Signals a reinforcer is not available for a response. IPAD battery is dead, so it cannot be used as a reinforcer

Question 14

Automatic Reinforcement

Answer 14

(1) Absence of social mediation* Behavior-stimulus change occurs without the presentation of consequences byother people* Sensory consequences* Feels good, sounds good, looks good, smells good, etc.…* (2) Behavior persists in the absence of any known reinforcer* Persistent, repetitive movements, non-purposeful, and self-stimulatory behaviors* Hand flapping, body rocking, head rolling, etc.…

Question 15

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Answer 15

No prior learning history

Question 16

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 16

Neutral stimulus conditioned to serve as areinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing

Question 17

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers:

Answer 17

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers: A conditioned reinforcer that as aresult of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditionedreinforcers does not depend on the current EO for any particularreinforcement for its effectiveness.

Question 18

Classification of Reinforcers

Answer 18

• Edible reinforcersFood itemsSensory reinforcers* Vibrations, tactile stimulation, flashing lights,music Tangible reinforcers* Toys, trinkets* Activity reinforcers* Social reinforcers

Question 19

Reinforcer Assessment

Answer 19

A variety of direct data-based methods used todetermine if a item, activity, or person functioned as areinforcer when presented contingent on a targetbehavior. The item is considered a reinforcer whenfuture effects on rate of responding increased.*

Question 20

Preference Assessment

Answer 20

A way to determine if oneor more items, activities,persons may function toincrease the rate of adesired behavior orbehaviors when deliveredfollowing the occurrence ofthat behavior.

Question 21

Reward

Answer 21

Something given inrecognition of one’s service,effort, or achievement.

Question 22

NCR

Answer 22

Non-contingent Reinforcement (NCR)This is actually an anteceent modification - this is not areinforcer because they are not performing the preferredbehavior to get reinforced. Do this before the behavioroccurs

Question 23

DRO

Answer 23

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Question 24

DRA

Answer 24

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA

Question 25

Negative reinforcement:

Answer 25

Negative reinforcement: response is followed immediately by thetermination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, whichincreases the future occurrence of a similar responseR->SR-

Question 26

Escape contingency:

Answer 26

Escape contingency: terminates an ongoing stimulus* E.g., turn off loud music, wear sunglasses when the sun is bright

Question 27

Avoidance contingency:

Answer 27

Avoidance contingency: prevents or postpones the presentation of astimulus* E.g., not going to certain places to avoid someone

Question 28

Positive punishment:

Answer 28

Positive punishment: response is followed immediately by a stimulus changethat decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior.R->SP+

Question 29

Factors that influence effectiveness of punishment

Answer 29

* Immediacy of the delivery of the punisher* Quicker the better* Intensity of punishment should be high* Schedule and consistency of punishment* Each occurrence of the behavior should be followed by a punishing consequence* Reinforcement for the target behavior is reduced* Reinforcement is available for alternative behavior

Question 30

Side Effects of Punishment

Answer 30

* Emotional and aggressive reactions* Escape and avoidance behaviors* Behavioral contrast* Modeling of undesired behavior* Overuse of punishment caused by negative reinforcement of the punishing agent’s behavior

Question 31

Positive Punishment Interventions

Answer 31

* Reprimands* Response Blocking* Response interruption and redirection (RIRD)* Contingent exercise* Overcorrection* Restituational overcorrection* Positive practice overcorrectionThese are positive punishment strategies. Clean a room better than it was after a tantrum

Question 32

Positive Practice Overcorrection

Answer 32

After problem behavior has occurred, make them practice the positivebehavior again, and agiain. Thowing trash on floor - having them pick it upand throw it away many times

Question 33

Guidelines for using punishment

Answer 33

f problem behavior consists of a response chain, punish the earliest part of theresponse chain* Punish each occurrence of problem behaviors* If this is not feasible, switch over to intermittent punishment* Supplement punishment with a reinforcement procedure for occurrences ofdesired behaviors* Differential reinforcement* Record, graph, and analyze data on daily basis

Question 34

Negative punishment:

Answer 34

Negative punishment: response is followed immediately by the removal of astimulus that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior.R->SP-

Question 35

Negative Punishment Time Out

Answer 35

Non-exclusion time-out* Planned ignoring* Terminate specific reinforcer contact* Contingent observation* Partition/select space time-out* Exclusion time-out* Participant removed from time-in setting* Time-in setting removed from participant

Question 36

Negative Punishment Response Cost

Answer 36

* Response Cost: Response-contingent loss of a specific number of positivereinforcer that has the effect of decreasing the future frequency of similarresponses* Constitutes a fine for exhibiting the problem behavior* Existing Cache Response Cost: When a fine is imposed against a person’sexisting bank of positive reinforcers, the individual loses a specific number ofpositive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers.* Bonus Response Cost: Additional reinforcers are given to the client, butcontingent upon the problem behavior the reinforcer is removed