Possible Alternatives to EU membership Flashcards
What is the Norwegian Model?
EEA Membership/EFTA
Norway is part of the European Economic Area (EEA) and European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA), meaning it follows most EU economic rules but is not an EU member.
The Norwegian model allows economic integration without political membership, but Norway lacks influence over EU laws it must follow.
What are the key features of the Norwegian Model?
✅ Access to the EU Single Market (free trade in goods, services, capital, and people).
✅ Schengen Agreement: Passport-free travel in Europe.
✅ Participation in EU programs (e.g., Frontex, Europol, Horizon Europe).
✅ Financial contributions: Pays into the EU budget (~€300 million/year).
What are some drawbacks of the Norwegian model?
❌ No political influence: Norway follows EU rules but has no voting rights.
❌ Must accept EU migration policies (free movement of labor).
❌ Not part of the EU Customs Union (negotiates its own trade deals).
What is the Swiss Model?
Bilateral Agreements
Switzerland is not an EU member but maintains close ties through 120+ bilateral agreements.
The Swiss model provides flexibility and economic benefits but is complex and offers no EU decision-making power.
What are key features of the Swiss model?
✅ Selective access to the Single Market (mainly goods, limited services).
✅ Schengen & Free Movement: Open borders and EU work rights.
✅ Independent trade policy: Not in the EU Customs Union, can make its own deals.
✅ No direct EU law enforcement: Disputes handled via negotiations, not the European Court of Justice
What are some drawbacks of the Swiss Model?
❌ Complicated system: Over 120 agreements require constant updates.
❌ Limited influence: Follows many EU rules but has no say in making them.
❌ EU dissatisfaction: The EU prefers uniform agreements (like EEA membership).
❌ Free movement required: Not ideal for countries wanting to restrict immigration.
What arguments can be made for either model?
For economic integration → Norwegian model (simpler, more structured).
For political independence → Swiss model (more control, but more complex).
Both models give access to the EU without full membership, but they require following EU rules without influence.
