POST 1945

Question 1

Dreaming

Answer 1

The Dreaming is a complex concept of fundamental importance to Aboriginal culture, embracing the era of creative activity when the world was formed, as well as the present and the future

Question 2

What is aboriginal spirituality determined by

Answer 2

By the Dreaming through kinship, ceremonial life and the obligations to the land and people

Question 3

Kinship

Answer 3

The system of relationships that traditionally accepted by a particular culture and the rights and obligations they involve

Question 4

How are individuals able to enter a direct relationship with The Dreaming

Answer 4

Observance of ritual and ceremony

Question 5

Why is ceremonial life so important to Aboriginal Spirituality

Answer 5

Ensures vital components of the Law and The Dreaming stay intact

Question 6

Name 4 things inextricably interwoven

Answer 6

Ceremony, spirituality, ritual and law

Question 7

Examples of ceremonies

Answer 7

Initiation ceremonies or mourning ceremonies

Question 8

Why is the land of great significance

Answer 8

Sacred - needs to be preserved
Contains sacred sites = provides food and water = dwelling places of ancestral beings

Question 9

What is the land to the people

Answer 9

The land is the interconnection that exists between obligation to the land and people

Question 10

How do everyone take part in caring for the land

Answer 10

Totemic system

Question 11

What happens in Totemic system

Answer 11

Each nation as well as individuals, is responsible to care for their allocated totems

Question 12

Dispossession

Answer 12

The removal of Aboriginal groups from their ancestral lands by Europeans who regarded their land as terra nullius

Question 13

Consequences of dispossessions

Answer 13

1. Separation from the land
2. Separation from kinship groups
3. Stolen generation

All impact aboriginal spiritualities

Question 14

What does separation from land do

Answer 14

Extinguishes the purpose of life for Aboriginals = losing the place of their spirit after death

Question 15

Separation from the land leads to what

Answer 15

Traditional stories can no longer be told at their original location = the power and aura of the story is lessened

Access to sacred sites is denied

Question 16

What does separation from kinship groups do [4]

Answer 16

Remove sense of belonging and understanding their place in life

Loss of purpose in life, language, roles and responsibilities, their place in The Dreaming

Stories can no longer be passed

Inability to preform ceremonies denies access to Aboriginal Spirituality

Question 17

The Stolen Generation

Answer 17

Forcible removal of children from families

Destroying kinship relationships and distanced Aboriginal people from traditional beliefs

Removes their sense of belonging

Question 18

When did Kevin Rudd issue an apology to the Aboriginals

Answer 18

February 13th 2008

Question 19

Evaluate Kevin Rudd apology

Answer 19

It does not erase the effects of dispossession but it is a step closer to reconciliation

Question 20

The Land Rights Movement

Answer 20

Works to regain and ensure the recognition of the occupation of and rights to the land by Indigenous people

Question 21

What did the 1967 referendum allow to happen

Answer 21

Allowed aboriginal people to be counted as citizens and they had rights and were able to actively engage themselves in the movement

Question 22

Native Title

Answer 22

Traditional Aboriginal right of access, use or occupation of the land

Question 23

What were the rights from the native title act based on

Answer 23

Traditional laws and customs

Question 24

What did the Mabo decision of 1992 do

Answer 24

Overthrew the concept of Terra Nullius (land owning to no one before British settlement in 1788)

Question 25

What did the court recognise during the Mabo decision

Answer 25

That aboriginal spirituality was inextricably linked to the land

Question 26

What did the Wik decision of 1996 determine

Answer 26

The native title could co-exist with other rights on land held under a pastoral lease (very significant since the Aboriginals could access for purposes of visiting sacred sites and ceremonies)

Question 27

The Land Rights movement

Answer 27

Is an aboriginal rights movement that rose to prominence in the 1970s and government legislation, Native Title, Mabo and Wik followed as a response

Question 28

What did Ancestor spirits give Aboriginal people

Answer 28

Gave them rights, obligations and responsibilities to care for the land and use it in the expression of their spirituality

Question 29

Why are sacred sites so important [3]

Answer 29

They are critical for Aboriginal people’ ceremonies It is through their ceremonies they can enter a direct relationship with The Dreaming Land is home to totems, sacred objects and spirits of Ancestors = part of Dreaming

Question 30

What is the Dreaming not bound by

Answer 30

Time

Question 31

What is The Dreaming bound by instead

Answer 31

Exists in the past, present and future, expressing the continuity of connection to the land, the ancestor spirits and the responsibilities of the individual and the community

Question 32

What happened when Australia abolished White policy and adopted multicultural policy

Answer 32

Influx of immigrants from Asia and Middle East

Question 33

Percentage of Hinduism as of the abolishment of white policy

Answer 33

2.7%

Question 34

Percentage of Buddhism as of the abolishment of white policy

Answer 34

2.4%

Question 35

Percentage of Islam as of the abolishment of white policy

Answer 35

3.2%

Question 36

Which is the fastest growing religious tradition in Australia driven by immigration

Answer 36

Islam and Hinduism

Question 37

Which religion is relatively stable with slight increase

Answer 37

Buddhism

Question 38

Which religion has stayed fairly constant since WWI

Answer 38

Judaism with 0.4% in 2021 census

Question 39

What percentage of people identify with religious traditions other than Christianity according to 2021 census

Answer 39

10%

Question 40

How much did percentage increase for those who identify with religious traditions other than Christianity in 2021 census (of total population)

Answer 40

1.8% increase since 2016

Question 41

What happened to Christianity

Answer 41

Sharp decline of 8.2% to 43.9% of total population today (still dominant)

Question 42

Within Christianity, what group is the largest

Answer 42

Catholicism - 20% of the total population

Question 43

Which category is rising the fastest

Answer 43

No religion

Question 44

How much did those ‘secular’ rise

Answer 44

30.1% in 2016 to 38.9% in 2021 (very sharp incline)

Question 45

What is the main reason for Australi’s religious landscapes since 1945

Answer 45

Immigration patterns changing

Question 46

From 1911 to 2021 census, what was Christianity’s decline

Answer 46

From 96% of total population to 43.9%

Question 47

Name two examples how immigration contributed to the largest religious change thing name statistics

Answer 47

After WWII, some Jews left Europe Abolishment of White Australia Policy in early 1970s = introduction of Multicultural Policy Contributed ——> Buddhist(2.4%), Hindus(2.7%) and Muslims (3.2%)

Question 48

What is the fastest growing religious tradition in AUstralia today

Answer 48

Hinduism increasing by 0.8% since 2016

Question 49

Denominational switching

Answer 49

People change from one denomination to another (mainly in Christianity - but can happen across other religions)

Question 50

What is happening to the older churches

Answer 50

Losing younger people to Pentecostal churches

Question 51

What’s happening to Pentecostal churches despite what happened

Answer 51

They are slowing with a decline of 0.1% since 2021 despite younger people joining

Question 52

What is the term referred to Pentecostal churches

Answer 52

Revolving door syndrome - losing people as fast as they are gaining

Question 53

What is another reasons aside from immigration that has accounted for the changing patterns of religion in AUstralia

Answer 53

rise of New Age Religions

Question 54

New Age religions

Answer 54

Alternative to mainstream religions - less institutionalised, focuses on the individual

Question 55

Secularism

Answer 55

Movement which abandons religious perspectives in favour of a more non-religious response to life continues to rise

Question 56

What happened to no religion in 2021 census

Answer 56

Sharp increase of 8.8% - total of 38.9% of population identifying as no religion

Question 57

What can we deduce about Australia because of secularism

Answer 57

Australia is fast becoming a secular society

Question 58

Ecumenism

Answer 58

Doctrine that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different Christian denominations