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Comparitive Anatomy > Post-Cranial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post-Cranial Skeleton Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Imbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

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2
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs

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3
Q

What was the first evolutionary version of the vertebral column?

A

The dorsal and ventral arches associated with the notochord

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4
Q

What protcted the neural tube in the first version of the vertebral column?

A

The neural and inter neural arches

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5
Q

What protected the vasculature in the firt vertebral column?

A

Hemal and interhemal arches

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6
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A fluid filled collagen rod that rund along the longitudinal axis

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7
Q

What develops around the notochord?

A

The vertebral column

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8
Q

What happens to the notochord in humans?

A

It is reabsorbe and lost after embryonic development

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9
Q

What forms the vertebral body?

A

The centrum and pedicles of neural arches

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10
Q

What structure does the spinal cor pass through in humans?

A

The foramen

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11
Q

What does the type of centrum in the vertebral body determine?

A

The axis of rotation in the vertebral column

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12
Q

What are the two extent species of agnathans?

A

Hagfish and lamprey

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13
Q

What is the vertebral column like in hagfish?

A

There is a thickened notochord to resist compressive forces of the deep ocean but no vertebral elements

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14
Q

What is the vertebral column like in lamprey?

A

There is a thickened notochord with a cartilaginous neural arch surrounding the spinal cord

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15
Q

What are tht two regions of the vertebral column in gnathostomata?

A

The trunk and caudal regions

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16
Q

Why do gnathostomata have tall and thin vertebrae?

A

To allow undulating movement while preventing telescoping

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17
Q

What are amphicoelousvertebrae?

A

Vertebrae that are concave on both the posterior and anterior

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18
Q

What helps gnathostomata resist twisting forces?

A

Their longer neural spine over several segements

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19
Q

What are the two typs of fish caudal vertebral arrangements?

A

The heterocercal tail and the homocercal tail

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20
Q

What are the chraceristics of the heterocercal tail?

A

It’s primitive and the vertebrae are directed dorsally to generate lift

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21
Q

In what species is the heterocercal tail found?

A

in chondrichthyes

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22
Q

What is the structure of the homocercal tail?

A

The neural spine and centra are directed dorsally. The hemal spine elongats and meets them centrally. Doesn’t achieve lift

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23
Q

How is lift achieved in specie with homoercal tails?

A

Via an air bladder to maintain buoyancy

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24
Q

What species posess a homocercal tail?

A

Osteichthyes

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25
How many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have?
1
26
What amphibian structure aids in weight bearing on land?
The single ossified opistocoelus
27
What is the pelvis suspended from in amphbians?
The single sacral vertebrae
28
What is the structure of the amphibian atlas?
It has 2 concave facets that articulate the occipital condyles
29
What movement does the craniovertebral joint in amphibians allow for?
Dorsoventral knocking (nodding)
30
Why are amphiians incapable of moving their head side to side?
They have no C2 pivot joint
31
What features of the reptilian vertebral column allo for better flexibility?
The ball and socket joint and intervertebral articulations
32
How is the reptilian vertebral column regionalised?
8 cervical, thoracolumbar, 2 sacral, caudal
33
Why do repyiles have good range of motion of the head?
They have a C1 and C2 joint
34
Where do the ribs extend from in reptiles?
The thoracic vertebrae
35
What allows for mobility in the cervial vertebrae of birds?
The saddle shaped intervertebral articulation
36
What is the structure of the thoracic vertebrae in birds?
They are fused
37
What is a synsacrum?
A structure found in birds comprised of the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, proximal and caudal vertebrae that have fused
38
What other sructure of the skeleton fuses with synsacrum?
The pelvic girdle
39
What is the function of the synsacrum?
it provides rigidity for flight and reduces muscl bulk
40
What is found at the end of the avian vertebral column?
A pygostyle
41
What region of the vertebral column give rise to ribs in humans?
Thoracic
42
What is the structure of the human intervertebral disc?
A nucleus polpopus is surrounded by an annulus fibrosis?
43
What is the function of the intervertebral disc?
The annulus fibrosis gives rigidity to he disc and acts as a shock absorber
44
What is the function of the zygapophysis between human vertebrae?
To provide articulation and slight movement
45
What is an acoelous centra?
Vertebrae without a hol in the middle in the middle of the centrum but instead a flat eyed centra
46
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Protect spinal cord movement Muscle attachment Red blood cell formation Movement
47
What determines the shape of the vertebral spinous process?
Muscle attachment and the weight suspended from it
48
How do neural spines orient themselves in relation to cranial and caudal musculature?
Parallel
49
What are the two types of skeletal arrangements?
Cantilever and suspension
50
Where can cantilever skeletons be observed?
In birds
51
What is the strong point which the bird skeletn is cantilevered around?
The legs
52
In what kinds of animals are suspension skeletons observed?
Quadrupeds
53
What is the abdominal musculature of quadrupeds suspended from?
The vertebral column
54
What maintains shape and rigidity in quadrupeds?
The tension in the abdominal wall and strength and arrangement of the vertebral column
55
What is the apical vertebra?
The vertebra at which the direction of the spinous prcesses changes in quadrupedal species
56
Where are the ribs found in fish?
The trunk region
57
What is the structure of the ribs in amphibians?
They are short and terminate in the body wall
58
Wat kind of role do ribs play in limbless species?
Locomotive
59
What is the general structure of reptilian ribs?
Long with a typical arrangement
60
Where do ribs appear in lizards?
In the cervical and thoracic regions
61
Where are the ribs found in snakes?
Along the entire body and tail
62
Why do draco have extended ribs in the mid-thoracic region?
To help in gliding
63
What forms the shell of a turtle?
Vertebrae, ribs and dermal bones
64
Why do turtles not have cervical ribs?
So they can retract and protract their head from their shell
65
What is the structure of avian ribs?
Thin and broad
66
What is the function of avian ribs?
To support muscle attachment for flight
67
What is the arrangement of avian ribs?
There are a few pairs of fused cervical ribs. The first thoracic rib is floating, the rest are true
68
What structure of the avian rib helps to reinforce the rib cage durng flight and breathing mechanics?
The ucinate process
69
What do mammalian ribs articulate with?
The body and transverse process of the vertebrae
70
What do mammlain ribs arise from?
The costal process that grows out to the body wall
71
Where do mammalian ribs normally form?
The thoracic region
72
What kind of animals have sternum?
Tetrapods
73
What type of animal evolved teh sternum first?
Birds
74
What is the function of the sternum?
Pretects viscera Assists in repsiration Is the origin for the pectoral muscles
75
In what species is the gastralium found?
Tuatara and crocodiles
76
What is the funcion of the gastralium?
It supports the musculatur of the abdomen
77
WHat is the function of the avian sternum?
It is the sigt of muscle attachment for flight
78
What is the structure of the human sternum?
It is segemented in realtion to the ribs that intersect it and is fused

Comparitive Anatomy (6 decks)

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