Post midterm 13-20 plus 4, 11, parts of 5 and 11

Question 1

Equal Intervals

Answer 1

Method of classification. Each class occupies an equal interval along the number line. The class interval is determined by dividing the range of the data by the number of classes.

Question 2

Mean Standard Deviation

Answer 2

Method of classification. determined by repeatedly adding and subtracting the standard deviations from the data. Drawback: only works with data that are normally distributed. You can transform the data but this won’t work if the object is to analyze raw data.

Question 3

Natural Breaks

Answer 3

Method of classification. Minimizes differences between the data. Decisions are subjective.

Question 4

Quantiles

Answer 4

Method of classification.

Question 5

Maximum Breaks

Answer 5

Method of classification

Question 6

Fisher-Jenks optimal

Answer 6

Method of classification. Pros: Does best job of considering how the data are distributed Cons: legend is difficult to understand, not acceptable for ordinal data.

Question 7

GADF

Answer 7

Goodness of Absolute Deviation Fit. A measure of optimal classifications, with the median used as the measure of central tendency. Then we get the sum of the absolute deviations of the medians for the classes and sum the deviations of the median for the entire data set.

Question 8

GVF

Answer 8

Goodness of Variance Fit. Similar to GADF, it is a measure that is computed when the mean is used as the measure of central tendency (and the error in a class is the sum of squared deviations of the mean)

Question 9

flat laxity

Answer 9

mathematically optimal solutions may be ignored if other partitions have particular features we deem important.

Question 10

Raster Image Processor (RIP)

Answer 10

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Question 11

Process Colors

Answer 11

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Question 12

Color Gamut

Answer 12

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Question 13

Offset Lithography

Answer 13

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Question 14

Proofing methods

Answer 14

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Question 15

Trapping

Answer 15

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Question 16

EPS

Answer 16

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Question 17

Screens

Answer 17

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Question 18

Spot Colors

Answer 18

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Question 19

Pre-Press

Answer 19

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Question 20

Dot Gain

Answer 20

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Question 21

PostScript

Answer 21

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Question 22

PDF

Answer 22

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Question 23

Cloropleth Map

Answer 23

Ideal for a phenomena that is normally distributed within each enumeration unit. Also better if units don’t significantly differ in size and shape. Raw data need to be adjusted to account for varying sizes of units. (data should be standarized or turned into ratios.)

Question 24

What are the arguments for and against classed and unclassed maps?

Answer 24

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Question 25

What are the Munsell and Stevens curves for converting perceived blackness to percent area inked.

Answer 25

Munsell curve takes the largest perceived blackness and smallest perceived blackness and interpolates between for shades of grey. it is the most widely used method for deriving a grey scale. Stevens is more appropriate for unclassed maps because it uses magnitude estimation. one shade relative to the other.

Question 26

How do you compare different kinds of Thematic maps?

Answer 26

``` What is the primary use? What are the Visual Variables? What are the data requirements and issues? What are the strengths and weaknesses? What are the design issues? What are the production issues? What are alternative forms? ```

Question 27

What is he difference between Dasymetric mapping and dot mapping?

Answer 27

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Question 28

What is the difference between Dasymetric maps and cloropleth maps?

Answer 28

Like the chloropleth map, the dasymetric map displays standarized data using aerial symbols but bounds of symbols do not match bounds of enumeration units. Need ancillary data.

Question 29

What is the difference between Dasymetric maps and isarythmic maps?

Answer 29

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Question 30

Ancillary Information

Answer 30

Other data which provides supporting data for the data being mapped. Limiting and Related attributes. Limiting gives you information about the limits where things should be placed. Related supports or correlates with the data being placed.

Question 31

isarythms

Answer 31

Depict smooth, continuous data. Most common: a contour map.

Question 32

isopleth map

Answer 32

uses conceptual data (assumption of continuity may not be met)

Question 33

isometric map

Answer 33

uses true point data

Question 34

triangulation

Answer 34

connecting neighboring points to form a set of triangles similar to those in manual contouring. Challenge is to find best set of triangles since entering the control points can result in different triangles. Delaunay triangles which minimize the distance over which interpolation must take place. by creating a Thessen polygon and connecting the control points of neighboring thiessen polygons.

Question 35

inverse-Distance

Answer 35

Also called gridding. Lay a grid on top of control points, estimate the values at each grid point as a function of the distance to control points and interpolate between them.

Question 36

hypsometric tints

Answer 36

shading the area between two contour lines

Question 37

hill shading

Answer 37

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Question 38

isometric lines

Answer 38

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Question 39

control points

Answer 39

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Question 40

interpolation

Answer 40

Estimating a line between two data points

Question 41

Thiessen polygons

Answer 41

Drawing boundaries between control points such that all hypothetical points within a polygon are closer to that polygon's control point than to any other control point.

Question 42

Contour lines

Answer 42

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Question 43

fishnet

Answer 43

a netlike structure that simulates the 3d character of a smooth continuous surface.

Question 44

proportional symbols

Answer 44

Geometric or pictographic

Question 45

geometric symbols

Answer 45

circles and squares

Question 46

graduated symbols

Answer 46

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Question 47

pictographic symbols

Answer 47

pictures and drawings representing the data in a proportional symbol map.

Question 48

range grading

Answer 48

data grouped into classes and a single symbol is used for a class

Question 49

perceptual scaling

Answer 49

a correction normally applied to compensate for mis-perception of larger symbols.

Question 50

unit value

Answer 50

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Question 51

mathematical scaling

Answer 51

symbols sized in direct proportion to the data.

Question 52

Flannery's constant

Answer 52

.57 added to the size of a circle in proportional symbol maps so that larger circles appear larger.

Question 53

Cluster Analysis

Answer 53

Hierarchical and non hierarchical.

Question 54

Integral symbols

Answer 54

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Question 55

ray glyphs

Answer 55

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Question 56

multivariate mapping

Answer 56

cartographic display of 2 or more variables

Question 57

bi-variate mapping

Answer 57

Only two variables are displayed.

Question 58

small multiples

Answer 58

Two or more maps displayed.

Question 59

separable symbols

Answer 59

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Question 60

distance cartogram

Answer 60

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Question 61

contiguous cartogram

Answer 61

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Question 62

dorlings cartogram

Answer 62

Used for "human geography" not a geographical extent.

Question 63

network flow map

Answer 63

depict flows between networks like transportation networks.

Question 64

area cartogram

Answer 64

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Question 65

non-continuous cartogram

Answer 65

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Question 66

distributive flow map

Answer 66

depict movement of goods and services between geographic areas.

Question 67

continuous flow map.

Answer 67

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Question 68

Raiz physiographic drawing

Answer 68

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Question 69

block diagrams

Answer 69

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Question 70

illuminated contours

Answer 70

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Question 71

shaded relief

Answer 71

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Question 72

panoramic views

Answer 72

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Question 73

uncertainty

Answer 73

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Question 74

positional accuracy.

Answer 74

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Question 75

completeness

Answer 75

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Question 76

intrinsic visual variable

Answer 76

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Question 77

lineage

Answer 77

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Question 78

attribute consistency

Answer 78

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Question 79

logical consistency

Answer 79

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Question 80

extrinsic visual variable.

Answer 80

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Question 81

What are the factors in choosing the type of method of classification?

Answer 81

1. Whether the method considers how data are distributed 2. ease of understanding the method 3. ease of computation 4. ease of understanding the legend 5. whether the method is acceptable for ordinal data 6. whether the method can assist in selecting an appropriate number of classes.

Question 82

Kriging

Answer 82

produces an optimal interporlation.

Question 83

Pycnophylatic interpolation

Answer 83

raises each enumeration unit to a height proportional to the value of its associated control point.