Post Midterm (Final Exam) Flashcards

Question

Uneven span greenhouse

Answer 1

Uneven pitch and width Commonly used when the location is on a hillside

Answer 2

Hoop houses Quonset type 3 season (not year round) Most popular entry level structure

Answer 3

Roof support from the other building Should be placed on the south side

Answer 4

Heating right after labour

Answer 5

Energy efficient design (cover, shape, thermal storage in greenhouse, etc.) Use of alternate energy (biomass, geothermal heat, industrial waste heat, co-generation)

Answer 6

15-20% of total operating costs (Statistics Canada, 2008) High heating cost in Canadian Prairie’s greenhouses

Answer 7

Up to 60-80%

Answer 8

Churchill, MB Hydroponic production 400-450 heads/week

Answer 9

Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility University of Guelph

Answer 10

A good place to start Seedling growth on the windowsill in a coffee room or in the classroom Harvest in about 7 days, high turnover Informal education

Answer 11

Supplied to a greenhouse at the same rate with which it is lost in order to maintain a desired temperature

Answer 12

In three ways, by conduction, convection and infiltration and by radiation

Answer 13

Directly through the covering material (glazings) in conduction loss Most heat is lost this way

Answer 14

Heat is lost as warm air escapes through cracks in the covering

Answer 15

Heat is radiated from warm objects inside the greenhouse through the covering to colder objects outside Depends on the covering

Answer 16

40% reduction in heat loss

Answer 17

Transmission of solar radiation (clear vs opaque)

Answer 18

Emission of radiation (heat)

Answer 19

Can better diffuse light (strawberry)

Answer 20

Durability, light transmission, cost and effects on heating costs

Answer 21

Glass, plastics (more popular)

Answer 22

Two commonly that are used Double layer is better for improved insulation from the dead air layer in between the two layers Acrylic glazing used for side and end walls Polycarbonates are thinner and mostly used for roof glazing

Answer 23

Acrylic or polycarbonate

Answer 24

Also called fibreglass reinforced plastics Suitable for A-frames and Quonset structures It is made from glass embedded in acrylic plastic Initial light transmission similar to glass but reduces with time Conduct heat efficiently and greenhouse is cooler than glass

Answer 25

Least expensive material, which is becoming more popular A common design with this glazing is Quonset type Simple frame and easy to install but easily breaks down by UV The end wall can be a variety of glazing material

Answer 26

Similar to polyethylene but more expensive Resistant to UV radiation and therefore, last longer Transmission is close to that of glass

Answer 27

(Forced air), in which each heater has a firebox, is the cheapest and consequently the most popular system, especially in warmer climates Common in small GH Can be used in combo with perimeter hot water or steam pipes

Answer 28

Horizontal and vertical

Answer 29

Also suspended from the roof but blows warm air downwards Might create problems of low humidity and high temperature stress for plants Finned to increase rate of heat transfer to air

Answer 30

Combustion fo fuel requires oxygen If the unit heating system uses up the oxygen in the air, will shut down and may freeze your crop Insufficient O2=CO Employee injury, death

Answer 31

Heat is distributed from the unit heaters by one of two common methods Convection tube method and Horizontal Air Flow (HAF)

Answer 32

Warm air from unit heaters is distributed through transparent polyethylene tube running the length of the greenhouse Heat escapes from the tube through holes on either side of the tube in small jet streams, which rapidly mix with the surrounding air and set up a circulation pattern to minimize temperature gradients

Answer 33

HAF In this system, fans located above plant height are spaced about 50 feet (15 m) apart in two rows such that the heat originating at one corner of the greenhouse is directed down one side of the greenhouse to the opposite end and then back along the other side of the greenhouse Both of these distribution systems can be used for circulating air when neither heating nor cooling are used

Answer 34

One or more boilers located in a seperate room outside/basement of the greenhouse It provides steam or hot water heating Fuel y used are natural gas, coal or fuel oil Unit heaters or pipes connected to the boiler circulates the steam or hot water, which returns to the boiler for reheating Can be more efficient than unit heaters, especially in large greenhouse ranges

Answer 35

Heat is transported in the form of hot water or steam (mainly hot water) through pipe mains to the growing area There, heat is exchanged from the hot water in a pipe coil on the perimeter walls plus an overhead pipe coil located across the greenhouse or an in-bed pipe coil located in the plant zone Some greenhouses install a heating pipe coil in the concrete floor in lieu of the overhead coil across the greenhouse. A set of unit heaters obtaining heat from hot water or steam from the central boiler can be used in lieu of the overhead pipe coil

Answer 36

Central systems cost $3.50-$4.50/sq ft More than unit heaters

Answer 37

Boilers burn cheaper fuels (wood[20% of oil], natural gas, propane, coal, biofuels, etc.) Cheaper maintenance Longer boiler life Enables ground/root zone heating Less infiltration heat loss

Answer 38

Energy from central heating Advantages over other methods of heat distribution based on Central Heating: higher yield, better disease control, reduced fuel consumption, dry floor quickly… useful in ebb and flow system

Answer 39

Plastic tubes carrying hot water is installed on the greenhouse benches Heat is regulated by thermostat, which warms up the roots of the plants placed directly on the biotherm Above air temperature may be lower Provide heat supplement in winter

Answer 40

Low intensity infrared-radiant heaters can save >30 % in fuel over more conventional heaters Several of these heaters are installed in tandem in the greenhouse Lower air temperatures are possible since the plants and root substrate are heated directly

Answer 41

Downward heating of plants, benches, soil, floor, etc The heat is then given off from these objects to heat the greenhouse, 90% efficient They only warm plants and objects that are placed directly under them, and may fail to heat objects that are on the periphery Soils may not get warm if covered by a plant with large canopy leading to increased soil-borne diseases and root stress

Answer 42

Found in hobby greenhouses and small commercial firms Both water and rock storage systems are used The high cost of solar systems has discouraged any significant acceptance by the horticulture industry to date

Answer 43

Use of radiant energy from the sun Solar collectors store solar energy in the day, which is released at night to warm the greenhouse

Answer 44

oil (glycol), water or air

Answer 45

Fuel sources= natural gas, oil, wood Efficiency<100%

Answer 46

Can be used for heating or cooling Efficiency can be >100% Heat pump is run by electricity which is used to transfer heat between a source to a sink Efficiency depends upon the difference in temperature between the source and sink (like peddling a bicycle up a steep hill) Source: air to ground (geothermal) Sink: air or water in the greenhouse

Answer 47

At varying depths from the earth’s surface=geothermal heat Some drilling > 1km deep=expensive Hot/warm water from the depths pumped up and put through a heat exchanger=transfers the heat Cooled water is pumped back down Alternative worth considering ($)

Answer 48

CHP unit consists of an engine which drives a generator= Co-generator (“Co-Gen”) Produces heat, electricity and CO2 simultaneously Electricity can be used by the greenhouse Co-gen more efficient than central power plant about 34% more efficient

Answer 49

1) combustion turbine or engine with heat recovery unit 2) steam boiler with steam turbine

Answer 50

Waste heat from power plants or industry used to heat the greenhouse E.g. SaskPower Shand Greenhouse in Estevan

Answer 51

Emergency equipment is a necessity and should include a heat source as well as an electrical generator The generator can be installed to start automatically upon power failure The need for heat should be signaled by a temperature sensor-activated alarm system in the manager or owner’s home

Answer 52

Temperature sensor placement is very crucial. The sensor should be at the height of the growing point of the plants and in a location typical of the average temperature of the greenhouse It should be in a light-reflecting chamber that is aspirated at a minimum airflow rate of 600 fpm (3 m/sec) The aspirated chamber should also contain other temperature-sensing controls and a thermometer for testing and correcting the sensors

Answer 53

Lots of tables to calculate the heat requirement of greenhouses Information necessary for determining the heat requirement for an A-frame, Quonset greenhouse, gutter connected greenhouse are contained in tables Depends on heat loss

Answer 54

Was 1.6 degrees Celsius, when outside temperature was -29.2 degrees Celsius in Manitoba

Answer 55

The warm season vegetables at latitudes of 40 degrees N in China without supplying suppplemental heating

Answer 56

1068 MJ/m2 Around 50% less heating as compared to a typical gutter connected greenhouse

Answer 57

The heat requirement of a greenhouse can be reduced by installing double greenhouse coverings; By using a greenhouse design with minimal exposed surface area By using thermal screens: heat retention, partial shade in summer, photoperiod block By repairing broken glass and tightening existing glass By using a windbreak of trees to reduce wind velocity By using high efficiency heaters and boilers By periodically adjusting and cleaning heater,s boilers and thermostats And possibly by using cool-temperature- tolerant varieties of plants

Answer 58

CO2 supply system and equipment Plant growth in the greenhouse is limited by CO2 supply especially during sunny days in winter Addition of more than 400 PPM (atmospheric concentration) of CO2 is important Usually growers add 1000-1500 PPM CO2

Answer 59

Liquid CO2 in pressurized tanks is commonly used in the greenhouse industry Dry ice or or frozen solid CO2 The CO2 comes out of their storage containers as gas which is then distributed through pipes and metered out as needed Another source is burning (complete combustion) of natural gas Incomplete combustion may result in the production of carbon monoxide and ethylene gases These gases are poisonous to plants and humans CO2 is added on sunny days but not on cloudy days

Answer 60

Fan and Pad, Swamp cooler Most are based on evaporative cooling Sprinkling Fogging

Answer 61

Advantages: 80-90% efficiency, simple, does not wet foliage, up to 25C reduction (avg 3C-7C) Challenges: needs access to lots of fresh water, high initial cost, energy to run fans, uneven temperature across greenhouse, less efficient than fogging

Answer 62

Principle of conversion of latent heat to sensible heat Hot air from outside of the greenhouse gets absorbed by water and is re-evaporated into the greenhouse Lowest temp of re-evaporated air: wet bulb temperature

Answer 63

Simple Increases surface area for absorption and release of cooled air Challenge: increased disease

Answer 64

2-6 micron size Increases heat and mass exchange More uniform cooling Challenges: promote the formation of bacteria and diseases like powdery mildew

Answer 65

Placed at or near eave height for efficient air circulation pattern in the greenhouse Column of fans faces the opposite direction to the next column along the entire length of the greenhouse

Answer 66

Reducing transmissivity Whitewashing Shading

Answer 67

In Europe Differentiated market- grows specialize in specific crops

Answer 68

These are automated systems using fabrics that can insulate a greenhouse at night and shade the crops during the day The curtains are installed from gutter to gutter They are opened and closed by computerized systems

Answer 69

Short day curtains are similar to energy curtains However the function fo short day curtains is to provide darkness to stimulate short day effect They also retain heat and must be opened on sunny days

Answer 70

Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the greenhouse It brings in cool air to replace warm air inside the greenhouse to reduce excessive heat It helps maintain CO2 levels in the greenhouse for plant use It moderate relative humidity in the greenhouse All these help to control diseases

Answer 71

Example:ridge/roof and sidewall ventilators Typically used for a A-frame greenhouse

Answer 72

Sawtooth Greenhouse Retractable roof greenhouses Roof vents in barrel vault and ridge and furrow greenhouses

Answer 73

Built with metal frames as attached ranges Glazing material is fibreglass or plastic Triangular gable areas with one edge perpendicular to the greenhouse floor The ridge vent is the perpendicular edge

Answer 74

The roof is hinged on one side and open from the opposite side Ridge vents face west to south west so wind blowing from the west (windward) over the vents will blow out the hot air in the greenhouse

Answer 75

Usually metal A-frame design and attached range Opens by drawing the glazing over each rafter It is often associated with side vent to fully expose plants to natural environment Plants receive full sunlight, may be watered by rain, robust plants and energy saving Keeps greenhouse cool, only uses heater when outside temperature reaches 0, open vents if too hot Specializes in temeprate woody trees and shrubs

Answer 76

Know the rules of watering Be introduced to the various watering options

Answer 77

Closed system Open system Several ways to water plants; Hand watering, sprinklers and mini sprinklers, booms, sub-irrigation and drip

Answer 78

The nutrient solution is recirculated, nutrients are not allowed to leach into the ground

Answer 79

The nutrient solution is allowed to pass through the root zone and out into the environment

Answer 80

1. Use a well draining substrate/media with good structure 2. Water thoroughly each time 3. Water just before moisture stress

Answer 81

Hoses Wands Wand heads labour intensive Most efficient Need to make sure you release the pressure

Answer 82

1. Heat 2. Unit heaters 3. Unit heat distribution, central heating 4. Alternative heating 5. Back up heating systems 6. Temperature sensor 7. how much heat do you need?) 8. Conserving heat 9. Adding CO2 10. Cooling systems

Answer 83

Low labour cost Can produce better quality crops Operated automatically or with the combination of small proportion of labour There are many types of automated systems specific to production interests and crop type

Answer 84

Spaghetti tube watering systems Hanging basket watering systems Cut flower watering systems Potted plant watering systems Boom irrigation system

Answer 85

Comprised of thin black tubes from water supply lines It is connected to individual pots to hold and dispense water in the pots Ends of the Spaghetti tube Holders and Emitters: arrow emitters, pressure compensating emitters

Answer 86

Fitted to the end of a spaghetti tube Made of plastic stakes that is vertically held in the soil It has a slanted surface above ground through which water is sprayed Adjustable micro spray on stake, clip stake, stake with tubing

Answer 87

Pot: same pot size for production of the crop Distance: distance between pots must be equal Type: Same type of growing media

Answer 88

A type of spaghetti tube watering system Has tiny holes along the bottom perimeter of a ring fixed at the end of the spaghetti tube The ring is placed around the plant in the pot to supply drips of water Water distribution is uniform

Answer 89

Mainly used for watering plants grown in hanging baskets There are two main types namely: Israeli drip watering, environmentally controlled hanging basket operator (ECHO) watering

Answer 90

Originated in Israel Plastic pipes connected with drip emitters are installed above hanging baskets Uniform distribution of water Minimize foliage disease infections such as powdery mildew

Answer 91

Automatic, ease of rotation and watering of plants suspended on a moving cable Each plant is watered by an automated sensor (timing and quantity) water breaker Hanging basket

Answer 92

This growing method culture reduces the requirements of hand-labour and make the fruits cleaner and less affected by Botrytis cinerea compared to soil culture

Answer 93

Used mainly for potted flower plants but can also be used for other potted plants The four types are: capillary mat watering, Ebb and flow watering, trough irrigation, overhead nozzle watering

Answer 94

Does not wet foliage but water is absorbed by capillarity Made of layers of plastic sheet at the bottom, water-absorbent fibre mat, then a perforated plastic sheet with 1000s of tiny holes A black plastic sheet on top will reduce light penetration to minimize algal growth The mat is moistened by ooze or spaghetti tube watering system installed on the bench

Answer 95

Water is pumped onto the bench to submerge the pots and water is then taken up quickly by capillarity before draining away for recycling This system may have grooved plastic insert that run the length of the bench to contain the water

Answer 96

Potted plants are placed in thin plastic troughs Troughs have low sides and run the length of the bench The trough is sloped to allow water to trickle down The lower end drains the water into a tank for recycling Characterized by low humidity and good air circulation

Answer 97

Overhead pipes fitted with suspended nozzles and runs the entire length of the growing bench or greenhouses floor Coarse spray and mist nozzles are used Mainly used for crop production and plant propagation Wets foliage and therefore, recommended for use early in the morning

Answer 98

Hydroponic comes from two Latin words meaning “working water” “Hydro” means “water” “Ponds” means “labor” Literally means “soilless growing”

Answer 99

The most used water culture methods are NFT, floating raft systems and aero ponies which are closed systems

Answer 100

Capillary System Flood and drain system Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system

Answer 101

A passive system (no moving parts) The capillary or wick system do not use pumps or timers Nutrient solution is drawn up to the roots by capillary action through a wick insert in the root medium and solution

Answer 102

$10 Cut six 5” holes in the lid Put 6” pots in the holes with a wick (yarn) Fill with fertilized water to the half way line

Answer 103

An active system where pumps and other devices are used to draw nutrient solution to the roots Most versatile and used in rock wool culture Each time the nutrient solution in the lower reservoir fills the upper growing tray, the roots are bathed in fresh nutrient solution When the nutrient drains back to the reservoir, fresh air is drawn through the root system to replenish O2

Answer 104

NFT system is also known as the “true hydroponic” NFT is a method of growing plants in a continuous shallow flow of nutrient solution Part of the root grow in a nutrient solution while the other part above the water line gets oxygen

Answer 105

Reservoir tank Pumps (2-3 pumps running at the same time) Nutrient solution delivery network Growing troughs and solution return systems Lettuce tomatoes

Answer 106

The pH of the nutrient solution and electric conductivity (EC) are continuously monitored EC estimates fertilizer concentration of the solution The system can be connected to computerized injector system for monitoring and automatic adjustment of pH and EC Optimum solution temp of 18-21 degrees C is maintained by heating coils in the reservoir or separate auxiliary tank High temps deplete O2 in the nutrient solution, which affects plant growth This is a common problem in summer when radiant heat causes a rise in temp of the nutrient solution

Answer 107

Partial sterilization is done to avoid killing all beneficial microorganisms Aim to create a balance between beneficial and non-beneficial microorganism populations Treatment include: slow sand filtration, lava rock filtration system, heat treatment, ozonation, UV treatment system, Micropore filtration

Answer 108

Ensure adequate nutrient balance Aeration is achieved by large drop of the returning nutrient solution leading to substantial agitation of the solution in the reservoir tank to replenish O2 Air is also forced into the solution by the aeration loop O2 can also be pumped into the solution

Answer 109

Better control over plant growth Faster growth High produce quality Absence of pests including weeds Requires small area of production

Answer 110

High initial cost Requires good knowledge and skills Special nutrient formulations must always be used Diseases remain a risk especially, water-borne diseases in closed systems

Answer 111

Solanum lycopersicum

Answer 112

Reaching approximately 182.3 million tons, second most important vegetable crop globally

Answer 113

They are sensitive in all stages

Answer 114

Can dramatically delay development and harvest

Answer 115

Can vary for sensitivity to low light levels and may need wider spacing s

Answer 116

Cam grow up to 12 m or 40 feet over a year

Answer 117

1- select a cultivar 2- growth 3- training and pruning 4- pollination 5- harvest

Answer 118

First thing you need to do Indeterminant (main shoot stays vegetative) Bred for greenhouse conditions: lower lights uniformity, disease, firmness, etc. F1 hybrids allow for vigour, productivity, and multiple resistance genes May costs $1 per seed, some people make cuttings

Answer 119

Yield Uniformity Disease resistance Reduced physiological problems: cracking, catfacing, blossom-end rot Consumer preference and market

Answer 120

Size Shape Colour and pattern Processing traits: skin thickness-Oxheart type Flavour Skin texture

Answer 121

Leaves are a morphological marker for fruit sweetness Leaflet shape and leaf-vein density impact fruit sugar content (BRIX): round/less lobed leaves have a positive effect on both fruit BRIX, vein density is negatively correlated with BRIX Fruit sugar accumulation in modern tomatoes is two to three-fold less than that in wild species

Answer 122

1 crop- September —> June: pro;less turnover, con; increase disease pressure 2 crop- spring crop (December- June) and fall crop (late July- January): Pro; less disease pressure, con; more management

Answer 123

Seedlings: germination approximately 10 days First transplant (vegetative stage): when cotyledons touch or first true leaf appears, rotate 90 degrees- encourage more roots Second transplant (veg-production stage) 5 to 6 weeks old: should have 7 to 8 true leaves

Answer 124

0-20 days Bottom heating: sensitive to cold temperature injury 25 to 26 degrees, air and root zones 75 to 80% relative humidity: growers often cover rockwool plugs with plastic tunnels, partially open tunnels for a few days before removal

Answer 125

Focus on root growth Transplant temp: before transplant- 23 degrees (root), after transplant- 21 degrees (root), 2 weeks after- root 20 degrees, air 23 degrees average (day= 24 degrees, Night=22 degrees) Water daily, wet but not waterlogged

Answer 126

Transplant temp: air 20 degrees, 1 week later Night- 18 degrees, day- 20 degrees and root 20 degrees Watering- 7 times a day, smaller amounts: causes roots to be slightly stressed to develop a large root system Aim for 5 to 15% over drain to determine how long irrigation system runs: as plants get bigger, run time will get longer

Answer 127

Too vegetative Too generative (reproductive)

Answer 128

Diagnose: thick stems and large long leaves, leaflets at the end of a flowering truss Solution: raising 24 hr average temp 1 degree or longer time between watering

Answer 129

Diagnose: thin stems, short leaves and small fruit that ripen quickly- an overly generative plant will eventually stall with insufficient leaf development to fill the fruit with an accompanying focus on setting more fruit Solution: reduce 24 hr temp by 1-1.5 degree OR more frequent watering

Answer 130

How much more water the air can hold at a specific temperature Higher the VPD the drier the air Optimum for most plants is between 0.4 and 1.6 kPa

Answer 131

How much moisture is in the air compared to how much is can hold Water holding capacity of air approximately doubles with every 10 degree increase

Answer 132

0.5 to 1.2 kPa

Answer 133

Seeding: 160 Watts/m2, 16 to 18 hour day length First transplant (vegetative stage): same as seeding stage, one week before next transplanting switch to 12 hour days, reduced shock, alter plant spacing as they get larger, need wider spacing with shorter days and less intense light 2nd transplant (production stage): light too low- flower trusses can abort or not develop and smaller fruit, light too high- plant stress, small short leaves, reduced quality and yield

Answer 134

Seeding: 800 to 1000 ppm, liquid CO2 source preferred, purity First transplant: same as above Second transplant: same as above

Answer 135

Vines are trained to go on twine with the help of clips About twice a week: pinch off laterals, twist vines around support twin, using clips if needed If primary growing point is pinched by mistake the plant becomes “blinded”. It will not produce any new flowers Don’t bother replacing, young plants won’t develop well in the shade of bigger plants

Answer 136

Optimum balance is 20-25 fruit: 20 leaves, for most cultivars Truss pruning/thinning: results in fewer fruit but larger ones of better quality Tomatoes are graded by their size

Answer 137

Beefstake tomatoes: sold as individuals, higher prices paid for large and extra large Cluster tomatoes: 4-6 in a cluster, total weight 454 to 680 g, all showing mature colour

Answer 138

6 weeks before plant termination Remove the tops of plants from marble sized fruit and higher: small fruit will not have time to mature before termination of the crop Leave one or two leaves above the highest cluster of fruit that remains: prevents sun scald Forces termination especially is interdeterminate plants

Answer 139

As fruit is harvested leaves are removed at the base Plants are lowered by lowering strings and moving the hangers over Catching sunlight

Answer 140

Usually, plant canopy maintained at 7 to 8 feet: bottom of vines drag on to bags or the floor, ripe fruit are at height that is easy to pick Some growers with talkers greenhouse have let their tomatoes grow up to 12 feet tall: vines are not on the floor, need electrical carts with adjustable platforms for workers, heat rises so taller greenhouses need sensors where the plants are More high risk for employees

Answer 141

Special practices 2 stems (leaders)per plant for summer, takes advantage of intense sunlight In fall, one stem per plant is removed- to lower plant density with temp reduction Maximize plant density Top the plant really young (4 nodes) and then let two laterals be leaders

Answer 142

Initiation begins 3 weeks after cotyledons fully expanded: 3rd oldest true leaf is 1 cm long Can control early flowering Optimal pollen germination temp is 22 degrees Pollen sticks to the styles if relative humidity is above 70% or temp is in the range of 17 and 24 degrees Optimum night temperature for fruit set is 15 to 16 degrees

Answer 143

Low light levels- 29 day delay 24 our average temp is important for controlling flowering: cooler nights, adjust by having warmer days Double trusses can occur below 13 degrees which is not good

Answer 144

Modern cultivars are self pollinating but require mechanical action for highest yields Bumble bees: 3 hives per acres Battery powered electric needs: use every other day

Answer 145

High temp and low light can alter styles and reduce pollen viability resulting in poor pollination: improved cultivars, high fertility regimes, CO2 enrichment, can overcome effect of low light on pollination High temperatures >24 degrees High humidity >85% (pollen release is impeded)

Answer 146

Fruit is ripe 6 to 7 weeks after flowering Beefsteak types are often harvested at “colour breaK”: yellow orange colour occurs at bottom end of the fruit, needs at least to be mature green ( a lighter shade of green) Closer market might have more colour showing at harvest First fruit may be very slow to ripen: remove leaves around the fruit to get more sunlight Cluster types are harvested when all tomatoes in the cluster have colour break: they get bagged before going to market

Answer 147

Gentle handling extends shelf life Minimize the height tomatoes are dropped into the harvest bin Pick fruit in the morning when the temperatures are cooler Don’t overfill bins (can cause damage when stacked in transport)

Answer 148

Cucumber sativus

Answer 149

Semi tropical plant- native to Southern Asia (also Africa)(North): gives us clues to its preferred growing conditions Cultivated in India for at least 3000 years, not a new crop Some of the very first greenhouses, were constructed by the ancient Romans so that the Emperor could eat cucumbers every day of the year

Answer 150

Select a cultivar Growth Training and pruning Pollination Harvest

Answer 151

2 major market classes: long English, and mini Not common: Asiatic, apply, Beit alpha

Answer 152

1) slicing: long English and mini/Lebanese cucumber 2)Pickling: gherkins- sharp spines and more hardy

Answer 153

Generally produce a lower yield Produce later in the season Common in the greenhouse

Answer 154

Seeds, transplants, grafted transplants Grafted transplants: increases cost significantly

Answer 155

Temperature: nightday= short and stocky seedlings Light: range between 250 and 670 micro moles/m2/s- 1 day below 80 can reduce photosynthetic rate by 25% and result in fruit abortion

Answer 156

21 degrees Balance vegetative and generative growth

Answer 157

Has four stages 1. Planting out and establishment 2. Growth stage 1 (vegetative) 3. Growth stage 2 (generative) 4. Growth stage 3 ( full crop)

Answer 158

Three crops per year are grown to maintain quality Don’t have to give much care

Answer 159

Larger growers, produce a crop 50 weeks per year

Answer 160

Using better root health management technologies to maintain plant vigor and fruit qualiuty Grow for longer Lots of care

Answer 161

Humidity is closely monitored and controlled High or fluctuating humidity is ideal for powdery mildew (most concerning) and gummy stem blight Cucumbers are highly susceptible to drought stress: up to 30 irrigation cycles/day in hot sunny conditions

Answer 162

Very important for cucumbers Regular maintenance is required: prune laterals at least weekly, but often 2-3 times per week Remove leaves to address specific problems: plant density, improving fruit colour, damage/diseases BUT- do not take more than 1-2 leaves/week- if you take too many it will shock the plant

Answer 163

2 methods 1. Modified umbrella 2. Traditional umbrella

Answer 164

1. Determinate 2. Indeterminate unidirectional 3. Indeterminate bidirectional 4. Short lateral variation

Answer 165

1. Original determinate 2. Original indeterminate unidirectional 3. Original indeterminate bidirectional

Answer 166

1- remove flowers and laterals from the bottom 60-80 cm 2- remove laterals up to the support wire, let fruit develop from each axil, may also remove tendrils (not cost effective at scale) 3- when the main stem is 2 leaves above the wire, cut the growing point and clip it to support the wire 4- allow 2 laterals to grow along the wire 4B- When production drops, harvest all fruit and remove the lateral, allow the next set of laterals to grow and repeat the process

Answer 167

Same first two steps as determinate Continue the primary growth along the wire Allow a lateral in the center to grow down

Answer 168

Same first two steps as determinate Short lateral variation

Answer 169

Density Summer=1.5 to 2.4 plants/m2 Winter=1.1 to 1.5 plants/m2 Secondary laterals have a big impact Multi heading

Answer 170

A method of increasing plant density For hand harvested

Answer 171

Monoecious (50:50, male:female) Often self incompatible, need more than one plant to getting a fruit set

Answer 172

Only female Get pollinated by growing the monoecious to pollinate it

Answer 173

Only female, no pollination required Seedless (small, very soft and non viable) AKA Burpless Stress can induce male flowers in certain cultivars, problem is that your going to get seeds

Answer 174

Really important Start to fruit 14 to 21 days after transplanting Continuous fruit for approximately 60 to 150 days, depending on cultivar Harvest with a clean sharp blade Fruit is harvested daily or every other day depending on production and the time of year- don’t want to let them get too big

Answer 175

Reduce disease Reduce bacteria Promote rapid healing (callasus)

Answer 176

12-18 cm long and about 2.75-3.5 cm thick 100-200 g

Answer 177

25-40 cm long and about 3-4 cm thick 250-450 g

Answer 178

13 degrees Free from drafts or sources of ethylene The fruit is shrink-wrapped often on site to avoid desiccation Cool drafts will damage fruit dont like cool pockets

Answer 179

Bill C-45 Legalization 2018 Canada the second country in the world, first was Uruguay A volatile market

Answer 180

2018= $6.4 B 2023= $10.8 B

Answer 181

An oilseed

Answer 182

Cannabis sativa L Monotypic Subspecies: Sativa, Indica, Ruderalis

Answer 183

Origin: India Climate: warm and wet Short day plant/photoperiod sensitive High or Low THC: high=weed/marijuana, low= industrial hemp (<.3% THC) 2-4m tall, long internodes Thinner leaflets Early-late maturing High THC types: treatment for nausea, depression, headaches, loss of appetite

Answer 184

Origin: Afghanistan, Pakistan Climate: cool and dry Short day plant/photperiod sensistive Higher CBD: treatment for insomnia, pain, inflammation, muscle spasms, epilepsy 1-2m tall, shorter internodes Wide leaflets Early maturing

Answer 185

Origin: Russia 0.7 to 1.1 m tall Not known for THC or CBD Dayneutral Used in breeding to make day neutral/auto flower cultivars (auto flower is what cannabis growers call it) Plants start blooming after 4 or 5 sets of leaves

Answer 186

Height Seed size Seed pattern Fibre Oil Protein Colour (leaves and flower) Trichomes density Light sensitivity Cannabinoids Terpenes

Answer 187

1. Propagation 2. Vegetative 3. Flowering Conditions: lights, temperatures, humidity, media and nutrients

Answer 188

Propagation: low intensity, can be fluorescent lights Vegetative stage: medium intensity, more blue light desirable Flowering stage: high intensity, more red light desirable LED lights: more expensive to buy but cheaper to run, some are adjustable for veg and flower stages

Answer 189

Daylength sensitive or day neutral (“autoflower”) Seedling and vegetative growth: 18 hr + days Flowering: 12 Hr - days

Answer 190

Seedlings: some seeds have dormancy, 20-25 degrees, VPD: 0.8-1.0 kPa, humidity 65-70% Vegetative: 22-28 degrees, VPD- 1.0- 1.2kPa, humidity 40-70% Flowering: 20-26 degrees, VPD: 1.2-1.6 kPa, humidity 40-50% Cool temperatures will stall growth and delay flowering High humidity impedes pollen release

Answer 191

Good drainage- dont like wet feet Total pore space 60-80% Airspace 10-20 % Water holding capacity 40-70 % Acidity/alkalinity 6 pH Electro conductivity EC 1 to 2 mS Cation exchange capacity CEC 6 to 15 meq/100cc

Answer 192

Big eater N-P-K Vegetative: 3:2:1 Flowering: 2:1:3 14 other nutrients: variable recipes for different cultivars, many variations in industry Hydroponics and soilless mixes: easy to switch feertilizers in system Watch out for snake oil

Answer 193

Male and female reproductive organs on separate plants Male flower first, shed pollen and die Seed and trichomes are only produced on the females

Answer 194

Male and female reproductive organs on the same plant Low level of seed and trichome production on all plants

Answer 195

Hemp Cannabis/weed/marijuana

Answer 196

Cannabis- low THC (less than 0.3 %) Grain and fibre Some byproduct extraction

Answer 197

High THC Cannabis (above 0.3%) Cannabinoids (extraction or smokeable)

Answer 198

Plant: shorter, less fibrous, broad acre production, early maturing, typically dioecious-seed is harvested as grain Product: hemp hearts, oil, protein

Answer 199

Plant: taller (up to 14’), later maturing, typically monoecious-harvested before seed seed Product: bast and Hurd fibre, Levi’s jeans

Answer 200

Plant: branchy/Christmas tree, short, dioecious femal- unpollinated Product: Cannabinoids and terpenes found in trichomes on female flower, extracted oils, edibles, dried flower

Answer 201

Produced in the glandular trichomes of femal inflorescences: CBD, THC, OVer 100 more (CBC, CBG, CBN, etc) CBD:THC - entourage effect

Answer 202

When both are present, THC does not have as strong of a psychoactive effect Together they produce a better effect than on their own

Answer 203

Terpenes: volatile compounds- flavour, aromatics Environmental impact Found throughout the plant kingdom

Answer 204

Hemp- seed company: dioecious (grain) or monoecious (fibre), new female hybrid grain types in development High THC cannabis- online shop or LP; very expensive up to $20/seed, dioecious type female only

Answer 205

Can occur naturally due to stress Start with a female plant STS (silver thiosulfate) ethylene blocker

Answer 206

Wind pollinated Very prolific 1 male in a 10km + radius can ruin an entire seed lot

Answer 207

Difficult with dioecious seed Difficult with feminized seed

Answer 208

Difficult to buy: not in garden centres, online stores are expensive $60/plant and minimum order requirements, some medicinal companies may sell clone to patients with doctor prescriptions Can’t clone autoflowrs, they just start blooming

Answer 209

Controlled by health canada (federal government) High THC Cannabis: individuals- no license, 4 plants/house allowed in SK, business- need to be a licensed producer to grow/sell plants, seed or flower. Hemp: individuals- no license, 4 plants/house allowed in SK or license and grow more, Business: license (much easier to get)

Answer 210

50% of vegetables (excluding potatoes)- 67% USA 75% of fruits eaten in canada are imported- 36%

Answer 211

Have been increased in value for the 11th consecutive year Up 9.2% in 2023 $2.5 billion- doubling in size in the last decade

Answer 212

Expected to double over the next 10 years BUT energy cost surging- investment needs to be in infrastructure run on renewable energy

Answer 213

3 Main types in Canada: 1- Commercial greenhouses 2- Nursery Greenhouses 3- research and educational greenhouses

Answer 214

Large scale operations that grow vegetables, fruits and flowers Sell to: wholesalers, retailers and directly to consumers Highest value crops Highest cost barrier: rough estimate $60,000-$200,000, depending on structure, location and technology

Answer 215

1. Tomato- largest value 2- Cucumber- Largest export 3- Peppers- 3rd largest volume and value 4- Lettuce- distant 4th, our highest field vegetable import 5- Strawberries- only 3% of Canadian GH industry Cut flowers are on the rise

Answer 216

1) berries- raspberries and blueberries; top 5 fruit imports 2)Spinach- net importer, currently being researched for improvements 3) Bananas- #1 fruit import by volume, yield has been increasing since 1960 4) Okra- currently representing 1% of vegetable import value, it has grown more than 50% in the past 7 years, mucilage

Answer 217

Small to large scale operations that focus on growing: young plants, seedlings and saplings They often specialize in ornamental plants, trees and shrubs Sell to: gardeners, landscapers and other garden centres

Answer 218

High volume or high value House plants Ornamental bedding plants Vegetable bedding plants Indoor and outdoor potted plants Container shrubs and trees Nursery resale up 7% in 2023 (STATs CANADA) Lower entry barrier: seasonal options, can start small (hobby GH, farmers market)

Answer 219

1. Nursery and retail: Business to customer (B2C) model, example; floral acres 2. Wholesale nursery: Business to business (B2B) model, Ex; Vanabelle (B.C) B2B is more common, it is less complex business model

Answer 220

These facilities are used by universities, colleges and research institutions to study plant biology, genetics and horticultural practices Sell to: rental income, service provider, landlords of greenhouse space Need proximity to large research groups (public or private) Diversification option EX) floating gardens

Answer 221

1. Commercial greenhouse 2. Nursery greenhouse 3. Research and educational greenhouses But profitability varies greatly depending on factors like crop selection, location, market demand and operational efficiency

Answer 222

A written document that describes your business, its objectives and strategies, the market you are targeting, your financial forecast

Answer 223

How will I generate profit How will I run the business if profits drop Who is my competition and how will we coexist Who is my target market

Answer 224

1- executive summary (business description) 2- Identifying your business oppurtunity 3- Marketing and sales strategy of a business plan 4- Your team 5- Operations 6- Financial forecasts of a business plan 7- Other useful documentation

Answer 225

Overview and main points of your business plan Considered the most important part Mission statement- what do you hope to achieve? Purpose and values Business goals/overview Brief description of your products or services Should be brief, concise (no more than 2 pages) and interesting Often it is written last

Answer 226

There are different ways to analyze this: 1) S.W.O.T analysis 2)P.E.S.T analysis Know when to collaborate instead of compete

Answer 227

Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats Strengths: what do you do well, areas you are better at than competitors, internal resources/I.P, assets Weakness: things you lack, things your competitors do better, resource limitations Opportunities: undeserved market, few competitors, emerging needs, positive media Threats: emerging competitors, changing regulation, changing customer attitudes, negative press/media

Answer 228

Political, economic, social and technological A measurement used to assess the market for a particular product or business Political- legislation/policies/conflicts, etc Economic- home economy/taxation/capital/market/etc Social- lifestyle trends/demographics/consumer attitudes and opinions/advertising/etc Technological- research funding/dependent technologies/replacement technologies SWOT and PEST= Risk analysis

Answer 229

The Four P’s of marketing: product, place, price, promotion

Answer 230

1- Product; what are you selling, trend vs consistent demand, what is the demand 2- Price; what is your unique selling proposition, usually a price or quality difference 3- Place; where will you sell, fresh, processed, wholesale, retail, direct to consumer (especially important with fresh produce) 4- Promotion; branding: differentiate and identify, add unique value in addition to the actual use of a product

Answer 231

Helpful for selling fruit and vegetables

Answer 232

Consumers perceive a brand through associations What does the customer think or feel

Answer 233

Colour Font Imagery

Answer 234

Colour can influence mood and perception: Blue= calm, soothing, cool, depressed, feeling down, lack energy Green= nature, natural, fresh, positive Purple= relaxing, creative, strength Red= passionate, exciting, warning, angry, aggressive Yellow= warm, inviting, upbeat, happy (can be overwhelming if used in excess) Orange= warm, inviting

Answer 235

Reliable, traditional, stable

Answer 236

More effective in digital marketing, clarity and simplicity= brand trust

Answer 237

Playful friendly, elegance and strength

Answer 238

Branding Simple, memorable, timeless and appropriate Communication tool- can it tell something about your product? Logos tailored to their customers

Answer 239

Branding Location Type of media: radio, social media, digital, print, event sponsoring, word of mouth, product placement, many more Informative ;Ex) family run, sustainable, organic, community focused etc. Storytelling; humour/satire, emotion

Answer 240

AKA human resource Establish clear roles required: president/owner/CEO, Operations manager, sales team, technical staff, etc Establish responsibilities Write job descriptions for each role: use clear and descriptive language, maintain positive tone, highlight opportunities for growth Turnover is expensive

Answer 241

A roadmap to your business goals 1) Strategic business plan; how are you going to accomplish your goals (funding, growth, access to markets, etc.), is it sustainable, abandon ego and be willing to pivot 2) day to day plan: key workflow plan (production, sales, logistics), timelines and monthly goals/breakdowns are helpful 3) crop production 4) research and resources

Answer 242

1- Grow a crop you like 2- Measure first, then order: crowing crops=small fruit/veg and disease, Spread out= less yield= higher per unit production cost 3- Define your production months: year round, October-June, seasonal, etc 4- Research and resources

Answer 243

Finance, Production, marketing Fixed cost Variable cost Opportunity cost C.O.G.S- Cost of Goods sold Gross Profit Gross MArgin

Answer 244

Need to be paid, regardless if you get a crop Ex) lease, power, water, insurance, employee salaries etc.

Answer 245

Change depending on the crop Ex) seed, chemicals, biologicals, spray, labour, hours, nutrients, etc. Cost of Goods Sold

Answer 246

Potential foregone profit of a missed opportunity

Answer 247

Direct costs of producing a good, often classified as variable cost Option 1: cost/square foot (fixed cost+ variable/square ft=cost/square foot) Option 2: Cost/unit (fixed cost+ variable/unit= cost/unit

Answer 248

= Sales- cost of goods sold

Answer 249

=Gross profit/sales x 100

Answer 250

Can help calculate projections Tells you how you’re stacking up with competition

Answer 251

The point where total costs= total revenue: no loss or gain 1) review all costs and determine fixed vs variable 2) estimate production capacity 3) determine selling price

Answer 252

= fixed cost contribution per unit/(selling price- variable cost)

Answer 253

Cut costs Increase sales

Answer 254

Income statement Balance sheet Cash flow

Answer 255

Shows multiple months/years: can be used for forecasting/projections, typically shows performance over a set time Uses total dollar value, not unit value Helpful to include units sold for GH business

Answer 256

A financial snapshot (a point in time) Assets are arranged on the top and liabilities and equity on the bottom The assets and liabilities are typically listed in order of liquidity and separated between current and non-current NOT a profitability breakdown

Answer 257

What a business owns Ex) cash, land, inventory, market securities, accounts receivable etc

Answer 258

What a business owes Ex) loans, accounts payable, interest, etc

Answer 259

The amount of cash a business owner invest in a business Sources of equity: contributed capital, retained earnings and valuation/market gain

Answer 260

Liabilities + Equity Owned by business= owed to third party+ owed to the owner Always balances

Answer 261

Expected to be converted to cash in less than 1 year

Answer 262

Expected to be paid in less than 1 year

Answer 263

Expected to be held for longer than 1 year

Answer 264

Repayment expected to take longer than 1 year

Answer 265

The cash position of the company Where cash is being made vs used

Answer 266

Day to day business operations; revenues and expenses that have been collected and paid during the year

Answer 267

Non-current assets that support the business: ex) property, equipment, business acquisitions

Answer 268

Transactions regarding shares or debt Company raises funds by either borrowing or issuing shares

Answer 269

Documents that identify a business advantage: References- prior business success permits/contracts- guaranteeing freedom to operate Partnerships- strategic partnerships are especially valuable in saturated markets Ex) aeroplane, west jet dollar, etc Intellectual Property (IP)

Answer 270

Designs, processes, inventions IP is protected by: patents, trademarks, trade secrets, plant breeders rights PBR

Answer 271

Legal document that guarantees exclusive rights to your IP for 20 years

Answer 272

Word or phrase that identifies a product Ex) canola

Answer 273

IP protected through confidentiality

Answer 274

Protection of a new plant variety or cultivar from unauthorized propagation

Answer 275

Media Vernalization Highest quality perennials are planted in their final container, grow three weeks (or more) and then cooled If Vernalization is above freezing make sure to supply plants with light, water and nutrients: might not appear to be growing but they are

Answer 276

In their pots a lot longer than annuals Can cause over/under watering Media is more coarse: mix of peat, perlite and bark with a typical pH of 5.8 to 6.2 Slow release fertilizer

Answer 277

Hold too much moisture generally

Answer 278

Cuttings- can be cooled in their plug trays Seed- juvenile plants- dont respond, know the plants minimum maturity for Vernalization before cooling

Answer 279

Need insulation Temperature swings reduced survival Unpredictable, but cheapest option

Answer 280

Most need to be planted with the crown even with the soil line Too low= root rot Too high= drying out Dicentra, hosts, and clematis prefer to be planted with their crown just below the soil line If planting bare roots you can usually see the soil line

Answer 281

First year: kieft seeds, benary’s FastraX perennials, specializes in perennials that bloom in the first year Multi year: Ex) most peony’s 2 years from bare roots, impact costs, flowering plants- easier to sell

Answer 282

When to plant, pinch and feed each species Your supplier should be able to guide you with production requirements Time and touch= money

Answer 283

Helps find efficiencies One size does NOT fit all- every GH is different, know what works for you

Answer 284

Unique perennials are usually unique for a reason Start with the basics and continue to experiment

Answer 285

Perennial Native species Available from native plant nurseries Even moisture June bloom 12-15 inches Seeds germinate in association with certain fungi that aid the developing embryo by providing nutrients (Cypripedium parvifolium)

Answer 286

Asarum canadense Perennial Hardy Excellent groundcover for shade Drought tolerant once established 6 inches Flowers usually hidden Grown for foliage Native

Answer 287

Primula auricula Perennial Sun or shade Even moisture 6 inches Many colours Spring blooming

Answer 288

Primula cortusoides Perennial 6-10 inches Gently re-seeds Delicate foliage Shade Even moisture

Answer 289

Antennaria dioica Perennial Native to prairies, Europe “Pavement planting” Drought tolerant Pink flowers in early summer

Answer 290

Allium karataviense: 6-12 inches, ivory, pink, light purple, full sun, late spring, early summer Golden garlic (allium moly): 8-15 inches, full sun, early summer Perennial

Answer 291

Clematis integrifolia Perennial Long-lived, long blooming Easy Stake with peony hoop 2 ft Late spring to mid summer bloom

Answer 292

Eutrochium purpureum Perennial native to the prairies 4-8 ft July to September Sun to partial shade Even moisture Needs lots of water

Answer 293

Achaea simplex, Cimicifuga racemosa Perennial 4-6 ft in height Pink or white bottlebrush flowers Light to full shade Rich organic soil Even moisture Some with purple foliage

Answer 294

Ligularia spp Perennial 3-6 ft Neat foliage, green to purple Yellow flowers in late summer Organic soil Even moisture Partial shade

Answer 295

Hepatica nobilis and H. Transylvanica Perennial Blue, pink or white flowers emerge from dead foliage Single, double Wonderful foliage in summer Very early spring

Answer 296

Corydalis nobilis Perennial Dormant in summer Full sun 15 inches Large yellow flowers in very early spring

Answer 297

Ornamentals: short selling window Vegetable transplants: very short selling window Propagation material is typically cheaper for annuals, especially seed trademarked/patented material is expensive NOT hardy but lots of varieties

Answer 298

The more R and D, the more expensive

Answer 299

Faster turnover in the GH Long season colour High throughput crop Easier management- quicker the crop, less probelems arise If sales are lagging, switching to perennials is not the answer Propagative materials similar to perennials Started from seed vs cuttings often used interchangeably

Answer 300

From seed companies: work with certified seed growers, often use pelleting to make seeds easier to handle/work with equipment Most affordable propagative material

Answer 301

Asexual propagation (primarily cuttings) Protected material- need a license: royalty goes back to owner of germ plasm/license holder Non-protect material- no license, no royalty Sell to wholesaler finishers

Answer 302

Grow plants to target size Sometimes also propagate Sell to big box stores Sell to smaller retail garden centres

Answer 303

Start plants from seed, plugs or cuttings Finish them in house Sell direct to customers

Answer 304

Option 1: genetics licensing Option 2: breeding companies

Answer 305

No “in house breeders” Work with private breeders breeders paid a licensing fee and royalty Propagate and sell

Answer 306

Hire plant breeders to develop new cultivars Own all material Propagate and sell

Answer 307

a) any person, when selling a variety, to not use the registered denomination of that variety B) it is an offence for any person to make false representation, make a false entry in the Register of Plant Breeders’ Rights, falsify documents, or produce any false documentation A person committing any of these offences is liable on summary conviction fo a fine of up to $5000 A person convicted on indictment for an offence may be fined up to $15,000 and/or jailed for upt 3 years for offences listed (a) or up top 5to years of or (b)

Answer 308

For the consumer: less work, pollinator friendly, increased breeding=increased diversity For the GH grower: breeding has removed some of the cultivation challenges, higher margins, less waste, extended selling season, more culture research

Answer 309

1) live longer: charge higher $, can hold over to next year. EX: peonies, coral bells, gaillardia 2) cold hardy: check hardiness maps, can sell for fall planting 3) Culture: larger containers for older plants, heavier mix for tall plants, stakes or trellises, time release fertilizer 4) propagation: seed germination often more complicated; may require stratification, light, dark, more time, etc. Advancements in breeding have been done to reduce this, vegetative methods often used 5) flowering period 6) Varieties: fewer available, less volume of sales= less breeders interested 7) Higher diversity of flower types, uses 8) often seasonal flowering//most popular annuals bloom continuously More challenging to grow and more valuable

Answer 310

May require vernalization (cold treatment) photoperiod or both Often not blooming at time of sale Typically, less blooms and more variable compared to annuals; may have a specific season, less total blooms

Answer 311

Increasing in popularity Producing native perennials: reliable seed distributor: native plant society website, hybrids and cultivated species often available ex) bee balm, can be very difficult

Answer 312

Gathering of endangered plants can be highly illegal with heavy fines There may be cultivated versions of endangered plants Western spiderwort

Answer 313

Display photos Foliage diversity Bench display Force a few plants but sell young seedlings Display gardens Help consumers understand the product Need to convince the consumer that the higher price tags is worth it promote purpose and lifespan: long lived, ollinator friendly, attracts humming birds, butterfly favorite, shade garden Colourful descriptive language Connect with gardening groups J\\\

Answer 314

Provide meeting place Sponsor shows Advertise at their event Join their club

Answer 315

Look at sales trends and colour psychology Purple- most popular colour Vivid colours outsell pastels

Answer 316

Developed 1970-1980 Mechanization: filling, seeding and transplanting, reduces time, labor and waste, maximizes greenhouse space utilization (seedlings are perfectly spaced), increases crop uniformity, faster growth- no transplant shock Faster growing seedlings in a plug tray crowd early and growth slows while slower seedlings have a change to catch up

Answer 317

Initial cost (3x): automatic seeders, flat fillers, environmental controls skill and attention to detail required But mostly cost

Answer 318

In house or out source Buy plugs from specialists Grow plugs in house`

Answer 319

Small to medium size growers new growers Elimination of the germination and early seeding growth stages: cost more for plants but don’t need to buy extra equipment, less selection but specialist might know better

Answer 320

Larger size, experienced and/or specialist growers reduced the cost per seedling unit Control plug quality Grow difficult to find cultivars Better control over protected cultivars Sales of plug flats to other growers pays for equipment and skill labour

Answer 321

Like other container media: good aeration, well drained Smaller volume of cell=small particle size Compared to standard #4 media, plug media has: finer grades of peat, vermiculite and perlite, higher water holding capacity, lower aeration Seedlings may be grown in the media for 4 to 8 weeks: must have high water holding capacity, high ability to hold fertilizer Cater to your specific crop

Answer 322

PH adjusted using dolomitic limestone- 5.5-6.2 Consider water pH Nutrients: much lower rates than regular media Little else is added: soluble salts levels considered low for many potted plants are too high for plugs and may inhibit germination of seed Can buy special bagged mixes for plugs or mix own

Answer 323

Sowing to radicle goals: uniform germination Warm temperature High humidity Nutritional requirements low

Answer 324

Some species don’t like to be covered to germinate If seeds need dark to germinate: sprinkle top with shifted vermiculite If light needed but you don’t have a mist set up Sprinkle top with white sand (lets light through like glass), or no cover at all Stage one “sets the stage”

Answer 325

Radicle emergence to emergence of the first true leaf Goals: 1)strong root system, 2) prevent stretching Reduce temperature Reduce humidity Provide adequate light

Answer 326

Varies depending on species Fertilize at 150 to 200 ppm N Transplant at the end of this stage Transplantable stage is reached when: leaves of adjacent seedlings in a plug tray begin to touch, seedlings can be pulled from trays with the medium and roots intact

Answer 327

market flats= inserts= 21” x 11”: packs/cells Insert code #: 1st part= # of packs/insert, 2nd part= # of cells/pack Example: 1204 insert has; 12 packs of 4 cells each=48 cells Rests in a plastic flat to provide support

Answer 328

Size and growing habit of plant species Wholesale to outlets: uniformity in market place, similarity to other items for sale Retail to customers: different container, implies quality, size popular with customers Smaller cells

Answer 329

Faster finishing time More plants/flat Smaller plants Shorter Sales life Faster to dry out less media needed Inserts slightly more expensive

Answer 330

Plugs- water 2-3 hrs before transplanting Finishing pots: do not fill completely (need space for water to sit and be absorbed) Use slightly moist media Plugs planted at same depth into cells Water immediately afterwards

Answer 331

Most small operations do it by hand can be mechanized

Answer 332

1. Temperature 2. Substrate and pH

Answer 333

Cool growing (nemesis, bacopa, snapdragon, diascia, scaevola, etc.) Warmer growing (geranium, begonia, New Guinea impatiens, etc.) Will allow cool crops to be grown at lower the temperatures and save on energy cost

Answer 334

Varies water requirements Vary fertilizer types to accommodate different pH requirements Ex) acidic for petunia (pH 5.6-6.2), basic for geraniums (pH 6.0-6.6)

Answer 335

Greenhouse glass and plastic remove most UV light, need to harden off: plants can get severely sunburned when placed outside Reduce/eliminate fertilizers Acclimate to outdoors: partial shade changing to full sun, often not done, can tell customers to do it

Answer 336

Flower timing: maturity and photoperiod sensitivity

Answer 337

Seed-propagated plants wont flower in juvenile stages large variability in time to maturity: annual- 1 month (roughly), perennial- 3-6 month, ornamental shrubs- 3-5 years

Answer 338

Long day: ex) snapdragon, sunflower, salvia, and petunia Short day: ex) cosmos, celosia, and zinnia Day neutral: ex) geranium, inpatients, and begonia Facultative- long day speeds up flowering Obligate- needs long day to flower

Answer 339

Shade loving/tolerant Sun loving/tolerant Cut flowers Foliage plants Drought tolerance/low moisture requirements Cold tolerant/hardy Heat tolerant

Answer 340

Annuals Perennials Houseplants Vegetables Fruits

Answer 341

Sales highest in the first 4 to 6 weeks of spring Knowing the customer, and trends: pots, flats, hanging baskets Establish stable sales product and work in a portion of new material incrementally

Answer 342

A plant whose leaves are valued for medicinal, edible or aromatic qualities

Answer 343

A plant whose seeds, stems, bark and buds valued for medicinal, edible or aromatic qualities

Answer 344

Cardiac arrhythmia treatment Murder weapon of choice for most prolific serial killer in America

Answer 345

Culinary herbs herb plant Decorative and fragrant herbs Industrial herbs

Answer 346

Fresh: field- multiple sales from same plant, GH- multiple or single harvest option Dried: seasonal production- GH probably can’t compete with field production, overproduction- storage

Answer 347

Bedding plants Decorative houseplants Topiaries

Answer 348

Bedding plants Potted plant Most are grown outside Examples: scented geraniums (pelargonium)

Answer 349

Essential oils, dyes and medicinal GH grown plugs for field transplants Usually crop does not mature in GH Essential Oil Examples: lavender, mint, eucalyptus, lemon Dye examples: turmeric, safflower, indigo Medicinal examples: echinacea, ginseng, feverfew

Answer 350

Start out small Sell directly to restaurants: delivery= no store front or wholesale Increase production with demand Find tipping point: as production and sales increase delivery is difficult to scale Sell wholesale Diversify and specialize USP

Answer 351

Popular strategy for herb producers Very few agricultural chemicals cleared for use on herbs Herbs have natural insect repellants (but something will likely eat them)

Answer 352

Produce- sold in grocery stores Fresh deliveries: restaurants, specialty shops, food service institutions

Answer 353

vegetable growers: quick crop,s existing infrastructure Bedding plant growers: value added production Market gardeners: processing options to extend sales window

Answer 354

Most common- pesto: reason for the popularity of basil There is also a demand for pre-made pesto sold fresh or frozen Fresh herbs can also be used to make vinegars, infusions and jellies

Answer 355

Sauce made from fresh basil, olive oil, Parmesan’s cheese, garlic and pine nuts

Answer 356

No problem Processed and sold as dried culinary herbs: ex) parsley, basil, rosemary, and sage Solde in bulk or retail packages Retail packs at specialty stores or in their own shops Drying facilities- easily constructed by the grower Stored until the market is ready other uses: tea bagels, herb blends, simmer sacks and carpet fresheners

Answer 357

Specialty markets: Shiso/Perilla, Tong Ho (China) or Shungiku (Japan) Micro greens Edible flowers

Answer 358

Very delicate: handle very gently to prevent bruising Harvest and cool quickly- wilting: package for long shelf-life and to prevent damage, inferior packaging cost sales in the long run Use post harvest management practices If is washed, it needs to be dried Know storage requirement: basil vs parsley 10 degrees vs 0-3 degrees

Answer 359

The trend toward hard plastic, re-sealing, thin containers Less damage, stackable, easy to cool

Answer 360

1- trial different genetics- bred for field production 2- Understand demand: what to grow- diversity of products, when to grow it- seasonal herbs like sage and thyme

Answer 361

NTF (nutrient-film technique) DFT( Deep-flow technique) Raft/DWC (Deep water culture)

Answer 362

Primarily by seed: generally dont need to be covered Limited grower ‘recipes’, using leafy crop production as a guide Diversity within a species is an asset

Answer 363

Group based on growing requirements Moderate (22-24 degrees)- dill, parsley, cilantro; will tolerate cool production, slower growth Warmer- (26-27 degrees)- basil

Answer 364

Parsley Basil Rosemary Thyme French Tarragon Cilantro Mint Oregano Dill Chives

Answer 365

Petroselinum sp Curly type favoured for garnish Flat-leaf Italian has better flavour Carrot family Biennial (flowers stink) Withstands cold

Answer 366

Ocinmum sp Sun loving annual Sweet Basil is most popular: many exotic types- purple, lemon, cinnamon, spicy, blue, ornamental Mint relative Doesn’t like temperatures below 10 degrees Commonly 15 to 24 inches high (exotic types up to 4 ft tall) Best flavour before they flower

Answer 367

Rosemariunus sp Vegetative or seed propagation Mint family Evergreen shrub in Mediterranean, Portugal and Spain Often used for Topiary

Answer 368

Thymus sp Many types: English, lemon, silver caraway, wooly, orange blossom Perennial Upright or prostrated, up to 10” tall Ornamental ground covering types (also edible)

Answer 369

Artemesia dracunculus French tarragon: gourmet spice, produces only non-viable seeds, vegetative propagated Perennial (zone 4) Sweet, licorice flavour Cut back regularly to encourage young tender growth Russian Tarragon: poor quality, reproduces easily from seeds, zone 2 or 3

Answer 370

Coriandrum sativum Grow similar to parsley Leaves: popular in Mexican, Vietnamese, Thai and other ethnic foods Great in salsa, salad dressing, sauces Seeds= coriander for cookies, cake, pickles

Answer 371

Mentha sp Various flavours: peppermint, spearmint, apple, lime, lemon Teas, candy, garnishes Perennial Seeds or cuttings, naturally spreading Mite and mildew problems Square stem- Mint family (lamiaceae)

Answer 372

Origanum sp Mint family Large variety- golden, dwarf, ornamental, Greek Full sun, drought tolerant

Answer 373

Anthum graveolens Cool season annual Leaves- garnish/salad Umbels- mainly used for pickles Will re-seed

Answer 374

Onion relative Edible and ornamental used Perennial zone 2

Answer 375

Largest supplier of herb seeds and plants in Canada Huge selection Summaries of over 500 herb/medicinal plants

Answer 376

250% in 3 years

Answer 377

Main deciding factor= labour Short day Day neutral Research: flavour, disease, yield, market trends, etc. Genetic diversity

Answer 378

Typically, pre chilled- quicker time to fruit Large short harvests Plants need to be replaced

Answer 379

Longer time to fruit Longer fruiting period- consistent harvest 6 months before being replaced

Answer 380

Cultivated strawberry: Fragaria x Ananias’s a (octoploid- what gave it its size) Fragaria chiloensis x Fragaria virginiana Polyploid- exaggerated size Incredible genetic diversity and potential For a plant breeder: genetic diversity= cultivar diversity

Answer 381

Need to be rooted More affordable than plugs, but you have to make them into plugs Can be purchased or produced in house

Answer 382

Rooted runners (short day come pre chilled) Most expensive options but easiest

Answer 383

Cheapest Need a plug growth stage before transplanting into production container Most challenging not typically used Problems: can induce pathogens, disease from the media on the roots

Answer 384

Are not true breeding, they are also very small, fragile and

Answer 385

Grow mother plants high above the ground and allow runners to hang Remove flowers while they are producing runners Once plant lets have white pegs they can be harvested Each plant let needs at least 2 leaves (before you remove from mother plant), peg roots and 1” of stem- harvest at a very specific time Plant plant lets into cells of a plug tray with highly porous media

Answer 386

Root rot Crown rot Don’t like to be waterlogged Roots are very sensitive to low oxygen

Answer 387

3-6 weeks- warm, humid, shaded environment to establish roots before planting out Plugs are just rooted runners

Answer 388

Speed up rooting, have stress response, the plant will produce more auxin which helps with root growth

Answer 389

Research from Cornell DWC and NFT suitable strawberries Position runners above waterline and allow roots to grown into water: do not submerge crown (want it to be just above the waterline- use some kind of floating mechanisms) Air stones Deep water culture Plant is still attached to mother to help provide support to daughter while rooting 2 week growth, a whole week quicker

Answer 390

Sunterra farms greenhouse Use LEDs to produce all winter Greenhouse that has used partnerships (Phillips bulbs) and funding to fund their greenhouse

Answer 391

Government of SK start up resources Grants and funding Promising funders: Saskatchewan technology start up incentive- forgivable loans, Agtech Growth Fund, Saskatchewan Lean Improvements in Manufacturing

Answer 392

Deep water culture (DWC), Nutrient film technique (NFT), Deep flow technique (DFT) Substrate growing

Answer 393

Primary method Growing in highly porous media (coconut coir, perlite, vermiculite or custom blends) Water retention and root oxygenation

Answer 394

Typical grow systems: pots, trough/gutter systems, bag/slab culture (similar to high wire tomato)- Rockwell in bags Vertical grows lots of diversity

Answer 395

Most common soil-less substrate Coco coir Peat-based mixes Rockwool Rockwool produces highest yields Coir produces highest vegetative growth

Answer 396

Crown planting depth is critical Regardless of set up Know where the crown of the plant is and make sure it is supported, too shallow the plant will dry out and die, too deep and you might get crown rot

Answer 397

Sensitive to over watering and high salts Frequent short waterings > few long waterings; Ex) everyday 5x, 3 min per EC 1.2 mS/cm PH 5.3- 6.5 like acidic Temp: warm season crop (18-30 degrees) depending on cultivar

Answer 398

Only vegetative- manage nutrients and remove runners (waste of energy) on production plants Powdery mildew- biggest problem in greenhouses, proactive spray regimes, weekly Remove dead leaves and debris Insect pets- love strawberries

Answer 399

A lot of harvesting 3x per week- labour requirement Twisting or cutting GH strawberries are softer than field strawberries: handle with care and innovative packaging, make sure they are protected Firmness is increased by increasing DIF temp: also improves flavour and sugar content Hasn’t been mechanized yet, still done by hand

Answer 400

Zhu found low dose of UV-B radiation on actively growing plants can improve strawberry fruit quality and extend shelf life: increased anthocyanin content, colour and firmness, and correlated with sugar content UV-C us used post harvest not during growth- can cause malformation when done on plant Easier in greenhouse than in field, field in uneven ground and large

Answer 401

2018-2023 increase export value of 40% (STATS CAN): ON and BC 95% one species (Agaricus bisporus) 2 varieties: white and brown Rank by production volume: white, brown, specialty

Answer 402

Fruiting body Purpose: spore dispersal The commodity Rapidly growing

Answer 403

Cremini, portebellini, portobella: all brown mushroom-> 2”, 3”, 4-5” + The flavour is in the gills

Answer 404

Temperature 13-24 degrees Humidity 80-95% Air circulation

Answer 405

Plants vs fungi: autotroph vs heterotroph, roots vs hyphae, seed vs spores, light vs dark/shade

Answer 406

Spore Hyphae Mycelium Fruiting body

Answer 407

1: decide what you want to grow 2: Acquire spawn 3: Appropriate substrate and inoculate 4: Allow colonization of substrate 5: Provide optimal fruiting conditions 6: Harvest

Answer 408

Agaricus spp Media: mushroom compost (straw and gypsum) Good production resources available

Answer 409

Agaricus spp Media: mushroom compost (straw and gypsum) Good production resources available

Answer 410

Pleurotus spp Media: sawdust or logs Easier to grow, not a lot of commercial production

Answer 411

Lentinula edodes Media: sawdust or logs Gaining popularity- higher value

Answer 412

Flammulina filiformis Media: sawdust, paper or cardboard High CO2 concentrations

Answer 413

Ordering liquid culture or plugs online Producing your own Step 1: pure culture Step 2: spawn

Answer 414

Collect spores (off wild or grocery store mushrooms) Surface sterilize exterior of mushroom Transfer spores to sterile Petri dish with agar Allow hyphae to grow (1 week)

Answer 415

Collect hyphae Liquid spawn: hyphae from pure culture, water and 4% sugar (honey, dextrose, maple syrup, etc.) Solid spawn: hyphae from pure culture, soaked grains (wheat, flax, bran, etc)

Answer 416

Fungi breakdown carbon (ecosystem role=decomposers) Heterotrophic- absorptive nutrition; live in or on food in production Pasteurized carbon based media: species dependent

Answer 417

Mushroom compost and casing layer

Answer 418

Blend: wheat straw + gypsum (pH)+ water 2 week aerobic breakdown Pasteurization Inoculation

Answer 419

OM (often peat) layered on top compost to retain moisture

Answer 420

Humidity 80-90% 6 week growth cycle: week 0-3; 24-27 degrees, vegetative growth/colonization of mycelium, week 3-6; 20 degrees, temperature drop signals fruiting bodies, harvest behinds 10 days after temp changes

Answer 421

Typically by hand in 3 harvests: 60%, 30%, 10% Post harvest storage- cooled to 1 degree

Answer 422

NEVER eat a mushroom you don’t know is safe