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Histology > post-midterm quiz 1 > Flashcards

post-midterm quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity

A

nonspecific, primary immunity.
no memory, limited diversity of response (mast cells only)
*short lag time
(mechanical barriers/phagocytotic cells/inflammation)

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

via lymphoid system! (lymphocytes and antibodies)
HIGHLY specific, has memory,
wide diversity (via somatic recombination - “isotype switching”)
- long lag time

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3
Q

humoral immunity

A

“long distance immunity”
antigens secreted into blood
*target site can be far from origin

B Lymphocytes!!!

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4
Q

cellular immunity

A

“short distance immunity”
= in precise area of “target”

T Lymphocytes!! (T helper and cytotoxic T cells)

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5
Q

primary lymphoid organ

A

where lymphocytes develop
(up to self-tolerance, not yet immunocompetent

thymus (T cells)
Bone marrow (B cells)
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6
Q

secondary lymphoid organ

A

“organs” where mature lymphocytes accumulate and reside.

ie: MALT, tonsils (palatine/lingual/pharyngeal), spleen

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7
Q

site of antigen-independent proliferation of lymphocytes

A

Thymus (T cells) or Bone Marrow (B cells)

primary lymphoid organs

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8
Q

site of antigen DEpendent proliferation for lymphocytes

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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9
Q

clonal expansion

A

activation (and proliferation) of lymphoctyes stimulated by binding antigens,
increase number of “clones” (cells from same cell line)
*in secondary lymphoid organs

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10
Q

clonal selection

A

limiting the number of active clones by binding foreign antigens,
*in secondary lymphoid organs

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11
Q

Effector cells (for lymphocytes)

A

cells that remove the bound antigen from the body.
B cells: plasma cells
T cells: cytokines, …

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12
Q

basis of acquired immunity

A

Memory cells!
made at 1st exposure, fast response at 2nd exposure.
–> differentiate into effector cells w/ exposure

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13
Q

IgA antibody

A

in tears, saliva, gut lumen, milk.
–> passive immunity to newborn through milk!
forms dimers
(decent for agglutination)

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14
Q

IgD antibody

A

B lymphocyte surface receptor

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15
Q

IgE antibody

A

binds to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils.

  • for allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections
  • -> triggers degranulation of mast cells!
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16
Q

IgG antibody

A

most abundant,
in blood and tissue fluids.
*can cross placental barrier!
binds to macrophages and neutrophils

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17
Q

IgM antibody

A

B lymphocyte surface receptor,
* forms pentamers in blood!
(good for agglutination)

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18
Q

agglutination

A

formation of large antigen-antibody complexes

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19
Q

opsonization

A

coating surface of antigen with antibodies,

marks for disposal by neutrophils, macrophages.

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20
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

cells that express MHCII and can activate T helper cells

  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B lymphocytes
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21
Q

types of T cells

A
  • T helper cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • NK cells (“natural killer”)
  • regulatory T cells (“TRegs”) – suppress immune system activation
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22
Q

HEV (high endothelial venule)

A

specialized post-capillary venules in paracortex of lymph node(s),
where lymphocytes enter the node from blood.

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23
Q

Epithelial reticular cells

A

= the cytoreticulum in cortex and medulla of thymus,

* unique to thymus (no other organ has ERC!)

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24
Q

why blood-thymic barrier?

A

to keep antigens out of cortex of thymus,
protects immature T lymphocytes from developing INcorrect immuno-tolerance

  • = around cortical capillaries in thymus
25
Q

components of blood-thymic barrier

A
  1. endothelium of cortical capillary
  2. endothelial basal lamina
  3. perivascular CT sheath (w/ macrophages)
  4. ERC basal lamina
  5. ERC (endothelial reticular cells) * connected by occluding j(x)s
26
Q

red pulp

A

tissue type in spleen,
removes old RBCs from blood.
– macrophages sit in red pulp cords to supervise blood flow through splenic sinusoids

27
Q

white pulp of spleen

A

contains PALS and PWP
PALS = peri-arterial lymphoid sheaths, around central a., w/ T cells
PWP = peripheral white pulp, = lymph nodules w/ B cells, scattered along PALS

28
Q

major functions of skin

A
  • Mechanical protection (UV rad., fluid loss, chemicals, etc.)
  • thermoregulation
  • immune function
  • produce Vit D
29
Q

lamellar bodies

A

aka: keratinosomes
release GAGs to make impermeable seal across skin,
in stratum granulosum.

30
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

in stratum granulosum,
have tonofilaments bound together by fillagrin.
* most abundant in THICK skin

31
Q

epidermis

A

avascular (nutrients by diffusion),
stratified squamous epithelium.
specialized cells: melanocytes, Langerhans cells, merkle cells

32
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  1. Stratum basale (deepest)
  2. stratum spinosum (LOTS of desmosomes)
  3. stratum granulosum (w/ keratohyalin & keratinosome granules)
  4. stratum lucidum (most apparent in THICK skin)
  5. stratum corneum (most superfical, dead cells)
33
Q

psoriasis

A

blistering disorder,

auto-antibodies bind to loose cadherins…

34
Q

langerhans cells

A

Make IL-1 and present antigens to T helper cells

35
Q

Merkel cell

A

neuro-sensory cell in epidermis,

f(x) unknown

36
Q

Thick vs. thin skin

A

Thick skin: on plantar and palmar surfaces only, no hair. *significant stratum lucidum

Thin skin: most of body, w/ hair follicles

37
Q

sebaceous gland(s)

A

glands in epidermis, along hair follicles;

release oil to prevent dessication

38
Q

tonofilaments

A

intermediate filaments of epidermis,
bound to desmosomes in skin.
– clustered by fillagrin.

39
Q

melanocyte metastasis high bc…

A

only have hemidesmosome j(x)s at base,
no desomosomes at sides
–> so easier to escape to other tissues

40
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

neural sensory structure, (deep) in dermis,

sense pressure and high frequency vibrations

41
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

neural-sensory structure,
in dermis.
senses light touch and low freq. vibration.

42
Q

exocrine secretion

A

secretion of hormones into ducts to get to destination.

43
Q

apocrine secretion

A

secrete via secretion vesicle, BUT w/ some cytoplasm included.
ie: by sweat glands in axilla and perineal region.

44
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

secrete entire contents of cell at once

ie: sebaceous glands

45
Q

Eccrine/merocrine secretion

A

secretion of hormone via vesicles,

* standard process of vesicular synth. and recycling.

46
Q

myoepithelial cells

A 
contractile cells (NON-muscle, = epithelial), surrounding acini of salivary glands. 
help w/ force for secretion --> "salivary gush"
47
Q

serous

A

mostly protein-containing fluid for exocrine secretion

48
Q

mucous

A

high carbohydrate-containing fluid for exocrine secretion

49
Q

pathway out from acini…

A

Acinus –> intercalated duct (add to make hypotonic) –> striated duct –> Excretory duct(s)

50
Q

special structure of striated ducts in exocrine glands

A

have basal infoldings w/ LOTs of mitchondria

– so can absorb Na+ and make saliva hypotonic

51
Q

primary saliva

A

isotonic,

produced and secreted by acini, goes to striated ducts

52
Q

secondary saliva

A

hypotonic,

modified from primary saliva by striated ducts.

53
Q

major components of saliva (3)

A
  1. H2O
  2. Electrolytes
  3. proteins
54
Q

primary (exocrine) function of pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes

released from pancreas as zymogens, taken to stomach, etc.

55
Q

types of junctions between acinar cells of pancreas

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. tight junctions
  3. desmosomes
56
Q

site of activation of digestive enzymes from pancreas

A

cleaved/activated in duodenum!

leave pancreas in “zymogen”/INactive form

57
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone that controls (STIMULATES) release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
target: acinar cells

58
Q

Secretin

A

hormone that controls release of bicarbonate (and H2O) from pancreas
–> = after dig. enzyme secretion, to neutralize acid chyme

Histology (5 decks)

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