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History - COLD WAR > Post-Stalin Thaw & Peaceful Coexistence > Flashcards

Post-Stalin Thaw & Peaceful Coexistence Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

When did Stalin die?

A

1953

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2
Q

What failures marked Stalin’s death?

A

Berlin Wall Blockade, NATO, Yugoslavia defecting from Cominform

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3
Q

What was period of Collective Leadership?

A

1953-1955

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4
Q

Who was apart of the Collective Leadership?

A

Malenkov, Molotov, Bulganin & Khrushchev

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5
Q

How did the Collective Leadership attempt to reform Stalinist Soviet system?

A

Ending “personality cult” politics
Reforming the Secret Police - KGB
Arresting & Executing Beria (1953) & other hard line Stalinists
“New Course” economic policy (greater emphasis on consumer goods)

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6
Q

When was Khrushchev’s Secret Speech?

A

February 1956

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7
Q

What three things were included in his speech?

A

Promoting a cult of personality
Using purges & persecution to consolidate his personal rule
Reducing the Communist Party to a compliant body with complete control

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8
Q

What was Khrushchev’s speech formally known as?

A

De-Stalinisation

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9
Q

When did Khrushchev become leader?

A

1956

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10
Q

When was NATO formed?

A

1949

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11
Q

What was NATO?

A

A military alliance of the West to protect capitalism & prevent the spread of Communism

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12
Q

When was the Berlin Uprising?

A

1953

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13
Q

What was the Berlin Uprising?

A

400,00 workers protested against work quotas & wanted free elections

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14
Q

Why didn’t the West intervene?

A

The fear of War

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15
Q

Who was Malenkov (Melanie)

A

Part of the collective leader ship in 1953-56 & headed the New Course

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16
Q

When was the Korea Truce?

A

July 1953

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17
Q

What was the Korea Truce?

A

Armistice was negotiated along the 38th parallel

Moved away from Stalin & conflict & moved towards peacefully negotiating & the economy as war was EXPENSIVE

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18
Q

Who was Beria?

A

Head of the secret police feared for being a hardline Stalinist
Tried to forge better relations with the West

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19
Q

When was Beria executed?

A

1953

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20
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A

Military alliance of communist states in response to NATO

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21
Q

When was the Warsaw Pact created?

A

1955

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22
Q

When was it dissolved?

A

1991

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23
Q

What were the economic causes of Peaceful Coexistence?

A

West would be overwhelmed by ECONOMIC SLUMP so the East could bide time
West believed USSR’s economic output would overtake the West due to the disintegration of imperialist colonial system

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24
Q

What were the ideological causes of peaceful coexistence?

A

Both East & West established their spheres of influence (1940s) - there was a greater sense of security

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25
What did Malenkov propose?
The New Course Diverting military spending to producing consumer goods Attempts to reduce Cold War tensions & achieve peaceful coexistence
26
Who headed peaceful coexistence?
Beria
27
What was peaceful coexistence?
The East & West could work together & exist amongst each other despite different ideologies & avoiding military conflict
28
What is Destalinisation?
Moving away from Stalin's polices no cult of personality kgb secret police execution of Beria new course
29
What did Khrushchev attack Stalin for?
Cult of personality | Purges & prediction. Communist Party - complaint body
30
When was the Austrian State Treaty?
1955
31
What did the Austrian State Treaty include?
Signed by 4 occupying powers removed all troops & guaranteed Austria's independence as a neutral state
32
When did the SU remove their troops from Finland?
1956
33
What was the Finnish-Soviet Peace Treaty in 1947?
The end of conflict between Russia & Finland. | Land was returned to Finland & they pledged to remain neutral
34
When did Eisenhower become President of the USA?
1953
35
Who was Eisenhower?
Ex Army General in WW2 who criticised Truman for being to soft!
36
What policy did Eisenhower adopt?
New Look - emphasised a hardline approach towards communism
37
Who was Dulles?
Eisenhower's Secretary of State (1953) who rejected containment policy & supported brinkmanship
38
What was Massive Retaliation?
Eisenhower's military strategy - respond to any nuclear attack big enough to annihilate the USSR
39
What is Brinkmanship?
Eisenhower & Dulles - pushing opponents to the edge of war
40
What are covert operations?
Secret military missions.
41
What is MIC?
Military Industrial Complex
42
What is the MIC?
A powerful clock created by the link between armed forces & sectors in economy reliant on defence orders. Applied to both the USA & USSR?
43
What was the U2 spy plane incident of 1958?
Eisenhower was confident the USA had nuclear superiority over the USSR due to data collected from the U2 spy plane. He could negotiate from a position of strength
44
When did Kennedy become president?
1961-1963
45
What was Kennedy's key policy?
Flexible Response
46
What were the key features of flexible response?
- moved away from nuclear weapons to covert actions & economic aid
47
What was flexible response a reaction to?
A reaction to the belief that the USSR has a diverse range of things to spread their influence
48
What was Kennedy's famous quote?
We intend to have a wider choice than humiliation or nuclear war?
49
When was the Berlin foreign Ministers conference?
Jan 1954
50
What happened at the Berlin Foreign Ministers meeting?
Molotov called for the creation of all German government so they could move closer to reunification
51
What happened to Molotov's proposal?
West opposed because they wanted free elections therefore it was rejected
52
What is Geneva Spirit?
The idea of the West & East working together peacefully
53
When was the Geneva conference?
April-July 1954
54
What happened at the Geneva Conference?
Discussion of Korea & Indochina No progress on Korean agreement on Indochina U.S. Refused to sign but pledged French troops withdrawn from Indochina Laos & Cambodia independent Vietnam which was divided now reunited through free elections
55
Why was the Geneva Conference significant?
1st indication of successful diplomacy
56
When was the Geneva Summit?
July 1955
57
What happened at the Geneva Summit?
West rejected SU proposal to neutralise Germany because of fear of Soviet Influence European & Security Pact : replacing Warsaw & NATO - west saw it as dismantling NATO
58
Why was the Geneva Summit?
1st East & West summit shaped good relations however they could not reach several agreements
59
When did Khrushchev visit the U.S.?
1959
60
Why was Khrushchev's visit to the USA significant?
1st visit between USA and USSR
61
Where was Khrushchev denied access to?
Disneyland - he then accused them of hiding weapons in there
62
What mishap did Khrushchev make?
He announced 'we will bury you' although Khrushchev was blasting about the USSR's economic growth the USA were afraid that he was referring to overtaking by nukes *there was still no agreement on Germany
63
When was the Paris Summit?
May 1960
64
What happened at the Paris Summit?
Not v. Successful as both sides adopted a HARDLINE approach | West Germany & France were afraid the USA would give the USSR power over Germany?
65
What led to the rapid decline in the thaw?
Gary Powers U2 spy plane was shot down by USSR in 1960
66
When was the Vienna summit?
June 1961
67
What did Khrushchev do?
He misjudged Kennedy & attempted to exploit his inexperience due to his recent failure with the Bay of Pigs - adopting an aggressive stance
68
What was discussed at the Vienna Summit?
SU would support wars of national liberation because of colonial & capitalist powers West should recognise sovereign status of East Germany Berlin should be settled on SU terms within 6months
69
When was the Polish Uprising (Poznan)
October 1956
70
What happened during the Polish Uprising?
Mining community protested against Communism due to the jack of food consumer goods, poor housing & work quotas
71
Who is Gomulka?
Leader of Poland's communist party - he made it clear that the people of Poland wanted change But he had no plans to leave the Warsaw Pact or end communism
72
When was the Hungarian uprising?
1956
73
Who inspired the uprising & what happened?
Inspired by Poland | Widespread unrest about communist rule
74
Who was Nagy?
Leader of the Hungarian Communist party until 1956
75
What was Nagy's neutrality declaration seen as?
An open revolt!
76
What were the fatalities of the Hungarian Uprising?
2700 people died 35000 arrested 300 leaders executed
77
Who replaced Nagy?
Kadar
78
Who was Nagy critical of?
Stalin
79
What did the SU do to Nagy
They thought he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact - invades Hungary removed & executed him
80
What was the Economic Miracle
West Germany's rapid financial development
81
When was the Berlin Ultimatum
1958
82
When was the Vienna Ultimatum
1961
83
What was discussed between 1958-1961 @ Berlin & Vienna?
Khrushchev approved Berlin Wall when Kennedy said no | 4 Berlin Crisis - discussing reforms in Germany
84
What did Khrushchev want to happen to Germany?
Berlin to be demilitarised - become a free city
85
Why were the West unwilling to give access roots of Berlin to USSR?
Because it undermined propaganda
86
Who was Walter Ulbricht?
Leader of East Germany
87
What did Walter Ulbricht?
The Berlin Wall
88
Who overruled Walter's wish?
Khrushchev
89
What was Ulbricht?
A hardline Stalinist who was politically educated in Moscow during WW2
90
What was the GDR?
German Democratic Republic | - name of the communist state established in 1949 in Soviet zone of Germany
91
How many people still risked their life to go to West Germany?
5000
92
When was the Berlin Wall built?
1961 to stop the flood of refugees from East to West
93
List achievements of the thaw.
Political diplomacy - Geneva spirit | Withdrawal of troops & neutrality - France Finland Austria
94
Outline the limitations of the thaw
V. Little agreements were made & lack of cooperation

History - COLD WAR (7 decks)

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