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Yr 2 - Movement > Posterior Thigh and Knee Anatomy > Flashcards

Posterior Thigh and Knee Anatomy Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What region is being pointed to?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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2
Q

What muscles originate from the ischial tuberosity?

A

The hamstrings

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3
Q

Is this a left or a righ femur?

A

Left - anterior aspect

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4
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera

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5
Q

What muscles are attached to the linea aspera?

A
  • Some of the quadriceps muscles (anterior)
  • Some of the adductor muscles (medial)
  • Short head of biceps femoris (posterior)
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6
Q

What is being pointed to? What does it articulate with?

A

Femoral condyles (medial and lateral) - articulate with tibial plateaus

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7
Q

What structure is being pointed to? (anterior surface of distal femur)

A

Adductor tubercle

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8
Q

What attaches to the adductor tubercle?

A

Hamstring part of adductor magnus

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9
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Tibial plateaus

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10
Q

What raised up area of bone is being pointed to?

A

Intercondylar eminence

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11
Q

What is found anterior and posterior to the intercondylar eminence on the tibia?

A

Attachment sites for cruciate ligaments

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12
Q

What is being pointed to? What is this an attachment site for?

A

Tibial tuberosity - attachment site for quads via the patella tendon

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13
Q

Which nerve wraps around the area being pointed to?

A

The common fibular nerve wraps around the fibular neck

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14
Q

Muscles of the posterior thigh generally act as…

A
  • Hip extensors
  • Knee flexors
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15
Q

What is the action of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Flex the knee

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16
Q

What is the action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Extends the hip

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17
Q

What nerves innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular (this innervates short head of biceps femoris)

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18
Q

What muscle is being pointed to?

A

Gluteus maximus

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19
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Iliotibial tract (most laterally)

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20
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Gracilis (most medial)

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21
Q

What small triangular muscle in the gluteal region is being pointed to?

A

Piriformis

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22
Q

What bony landmark is being pointed to?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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23
Q

What nerve is being pointed to? How does it emerge in relation to piriformis?

A

Sciatic nerve - emerges inferiorly to piriformis

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24
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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25
What 2 hamstring muscles are found on the medial side of the thigh?
1. Semimembranosus 2. Semitendinosus
26
What muscle is being pointed to? How does it lie in relation to the other medial hamstring muscle? Where does it inserts distally?
Semimembranosus - lies slightly deeper to semitendinosus - inserts distally onto the medial aspect of the proximal **tibia**
27
What muscle is being pointed to here? Where does it insert?
Semitendinosus - inserts on proximal aspect of **tibia**
28
What innervates semimembranosus and semitendinosus?
Tibial aspect of sciatic nerve
29
What muscle is being pointed to? Where does it lie in the posterior thigh?
Long head of biceps femoris - comes across **laterally** - inserts on the head of the **fibula**
30
Where does the tendon of biceps femoris insert?
Head of the fibula
31
What slip of muscle is being pointed to? Where does it originate? Where does it insert?
Short head of biceps femoris - originates from **linea aspera** (doesn't act on hit) - joins common tendon with long head that inserts on the **head of the fibula**
32
What is the long and short head of biceps femoris innervated by?
Long head - tibial nerve Short head - common fibular nerve
33
Actions of biceps femoris long vs short head?
Long - extends hip and flexes knee Short - flexes knee only
34
What is the action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
Extends the hip (but cannot flex the knee as it doesn't cross it)
35
What muscle is being pointed to?
Adductor magnus - large muscle in the medial thigh
36
What is being pointed to? Where does it insert?
Tendon of hamstring part of adductor magnus that inserts on the adductor tubercle
37
What is the hamstring part of adductor magnus innervated by?
The tibial nerve
38
What gap is being pointed to? What passes through here?
The adductor hiatus - the femoral vessels pass through here and become the popliteal vessels
39
What forms the adductor hiatus?
The hamstring and adductor part of adductor magnus
40
Where is the sciatic nerve located?
Deep in gluteal region - deep to gluteus maximus
41
Where should IM injections be placed in the buttock? Why?
Upper outer quadrant to avoid any danger of hitting the sciatic nerve
42
Danger of IM injection in: * Upper medial quadrant * Lower lateral quadrant * Lower medial quadrant
* Upper medial --\> danger of hitting gluteal arteries and nerves * Lower medial --\> danger of sciatic nerve * Lower lateral --\> danger of variations of sciatic nerve
43
What are possible variations of sciatic nerve?
* Emerges inferior to piriformis (most common) * Can emerge superior to piriformis * Can split and emerge both superior and inferior to piriformis
44
What are the nerve roots of sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
45
What does the sciatic nerve divide into in the mid posterior thigh?
Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
46
Which nerve heads vertically down directly through the popliteal fossa and into the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
47
Where does the common fibular nerve head?
Heads out laterally along the edge of biceps femoris towards the lateral and anterior aspect of the leg. Wraps around the neck of the fibula.
48
What does the tibial nerve innervate in the lower leg?
Posterior muscles and muscles in sole of foot
49
What does the common fibular innervate in the lower leg?
Lateral and anterior compartment
50
What muscle is being hovered over?
Soleus
51
What ligament is being pointed to?
Patella ligament
52
What structure is being hovered over?
Medial femoral condyle
53
What ligament is being pointed to?
PCL
54
What muscle is mainly being hovered over?
Popliteus
55
What structure is being pointed to?
Lateral meniscus - sat between the tibial plateau and the femoral condyle
56
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve runs along superolateral boundary alongside biceps femoris
57
How can the popliteal artery be palpated?
In the popliteal fossa - gently press the popliteal artery onto the posterior aspect of femur. This can be difficult as it is deep.
58
What is the patella embedded within?
The quadriceps tendon
59
Anterior view of knee (patella has been reflected)
60
In flexion, what can you see the femoral condyles covered by?
Articular cartilage
61
What is being pointed to? Where does it lie?
Lying between the femoral condyel and the tibial plateau --\> an important area of fibrocartilage --\> the **lateral miniscus**
62
Where are the menisci thicker?
At the external margins (wedge shape)
63
How can a torn meniscus affect the knee?
Can lock the knee when debris from meniscus gets trapped inside the joint. Locking implies that the torn part of the meniscus has displaced into a part of the knee where it doesn't belong or fit.
64
What ligament is being pointed to?
Fibular / lateral collateral ligament --\> this is found **outside** the joint capsule
65
Is the fibular collateral ligament attached to the lateral meniscus?
No --\> therefore not commonly injured together
66
What ligament is being pointed to? What is it attached to?
Medial/tibial collateral ligament - attached to the medial meniscus
67
Knee in extension
Larger region of articulation --\> more stable
68
Knee in flexion
Less articulation
69
What ligament is being pointed to?
ACL
70
Arises from the anterior intercondylar area, and travels to medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle
71
Function of the ACL?
* Prevents hyperextension of the knee * Preventing anterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur
72
What is being pointed to?
PCL
73
Where does the PCL arise from? Where does it travel?
Posterior part of intercondylar area on the tibia and travels up towards medial femoral condyle
74
Function of PCL?
* Helps to prevent posterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur * Keeps knee stable when the knee is flexed but weight bearing (e.g. walking downhill)
75
What muscle can be seen here?
Popliteus
76
How does the femur rotate during knee extension?
As full extension of the knee is approached, the femur undergoes a small amount of **medial rotation** on the tibia --\> this locks the knee.
77
What is the purpose of this 'locking' during full extension?
Gives stability to the knee (muscles can temp relax)
78
How is the knee 'unlocked'? What muscle allows this?
Small degree of lateral rotation as knee goes back towards flexion --\> **popliteus** contracts to allow this
79
What movements do lateral/medial collateral ligaments prohibit?
* Limit sideways movement of joint (medial and lateral dislocation) * Strong stabilisers
80
What movements do the cruciate ligaments prohibit?
Forwards and backwards
81
What movement often ruptures an ACL?
Twisting a flexed knee
82
What is osteoscarcoma?
* Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. * Often prevents with problems around knees --\> affects young people
83
What is muscle 6? What are its actions? What is it innervated by?
Long head of biceps femoris: extends hip and flexes knee, innervated by tibial nerve
84
What bony landmark is 3?
Ischial tuberosity
85
What is muscle 5?
Semitendinosus
86
Identify the nerve indicated by the number 8.
Common fibular nerve
87
Action of short head of biceps femoris?
Flexor of knee
88
Which muscle(s) form the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
89
Action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
Extends the hip joint
90
Is this a right or left popliteal fossa? Identify nerve 6.
Right Tibial nerve
91
What is muscle 4? Where does muscle 6 insert?
Semimembranosus Biceps femoris inserts on proximal fibula
92
Which muscle(s) form the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
93
If a patient had a thombus in the popliteal vein, which signs would be expected in the affected limb?
Warmth, redness, swelling of the leg, tenderness
94
What is structure A?
Tibial collateral ligament
95
Muscle D is involved with which movement at the knee joint?
Lateral rotation of the femur
96
An injury to structure A is often associated with injury to the medial collateral ligament. Is this statement true or false?
False
97
If there is a normal response to the examination shown below, which of the following spinal segments are intact?
L2-L4
98
What is A?
PCL
99
What are A and B?
Menisci
100
What inserts on A?
Patella tendon (quads)
101
What is A?
PCL
102
Muscle D is innervated by which nerve?
Tibial
103
When the patella dislocates, it almost always dislocates...?
Laterally

Yr 2 - Movement (39 decks)

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