Postnatal and Child Development

Question 1

what are the four sections of the developing brain at four weeks?

Answer 1

future forebrain (prosencephalon)
future midbrain (mesencephalon)
future hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
future spinal cord

Question 2

what are the 3 flexures of the developing brain at four weeks?

Answer 2

cephalic flexure
pontine flexure
cervical flexure

Question 3

what happens to the developing brain at 5 weeks?

Answer 3

reshaping of embryo into: telencephalon
diencephalon
pons
medulla

Question 4

what happens to the developing brain at 8 weeks?

Answer 4

development of the ventricular system
hemisphere development
cerebellum development

Question 5

What is the function of the prefrontal association cortex?

Answer 5

Executive function and concentration

Question 6

In which cortex is their an abnormality resulting in ADHD?

Answer 6

prefrontal association area

Question 7

The anterior section of grey matter of the spinal cord houses what type of neurones? how are these divided?

Answer 7

motor neurones
Flexors anterior, proximal medial, distal lateral, extensors posterior

Question 8

The pyramidal tracts supply which nerves in the lateral corticospinal tract?

Answer 8

Sacral lumbar, thoracic and cervical

Question 9

The extrapyramidal tracts are responsible for what?

Answer 9

Coordination of movements, regulation of posture and balance

Question 10

When looking at primitive reflexes in small infants, what are the most important motor tracts to investigate?

Answer 10

Extrapyramidal

Question 11

What are the 5 components of the reflex arc?

Answer 11

1. Sensory receptor
2. Sensory neurone
3. Integrating centre
4. Motor neurone
5. Effector

Question 12

What part of the spine do the sensory receptor stimulus move to the sensory neurones?

Answer 12

Dorsal

Question 13

What is the morro reflex?

Answer 13

Babies neck suddenly extended and the arms abduct and then adduct

Question 14

when should the morro reflex be present?

Answer 14

Develops around 28 to 32 weeks gestation and should disappear between three and six months

Question 15

The persistence of primitive reflexes can be a sign of____

Answer 15

Impaired development

Question 16

What occurs in the standing reflex?

Answer 16

Extension of lower extremities, hips slightly flexed

Question 17

When is the standing reflex present?

Answer 17

Newborn at three months

Question 18

What happens in the grasp reflex?

Answer 18

Object placed in the palm of the hand of the newborn and the fingers grasp very tightly

Question 19

When should the grasp reflex stop being present?

Answer 19

6-9mnths

Question 20

What is the parachute reflex?

Answer 20

Baby placed in forward tilting position and protects themselves with outstretched arms

Question 21

When should the parachute reflex become present

Answer 21

Around 6-9 months

Question 22

What is development?

Answer 22

Global impression of a child encompassing: growth, an increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour.

Question 23

When is child development assessed?

Answer 23

Opportunistically and as part of programme of reviews

Question 24

What are the four domains of child development assessment?

Answer 24

Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Social skills
Speech and language skills

Question 25

What is assessed in the gross motor skills domain of child development?

Answer 25

Position, head lag, sitting, walking, running

Question 26

What is assessed in the fine motor skills domain of child assessment?

Answer 26

Use of hands, grasp and fine pincer, bricks, crayon, puzzles

Question 27

What is assessed in the social skills domain of child development?

Answer 27

Social interaction, stranger reaction, eating skills, dressing

Question 28

What is assessed in the speech and language skills domain of child development?

Answer 28

Vocalisation, words, understanding, imaginative play

Question 29

At what age do you expect to see babies starting to roll (sidelying)?

Answer 29

3months

Question 30

and what age do you expect babies to start crawling?

Answer 30

8-9months

Question 31

At what age do you expect babies to start cruising around furniture?

Answer 31

10 months

Question 32

At what age would you expect to see a baby standing independently?

Answer 32

1 year

Question 33

At what age would you expect an immature grip of pencil/ random scribble?

Answer 33

15-18 months

Question 34

At what age do you expect a mature pincer grip?

Answer 34

10 months

Question 35

what stage of gross motor development is the newborn expected to show?

Answer 35

Limited flexed, symmetrical posture, marked head lag on pulling up

Question 36

What stage of vision and fine motor development is a baby expected to show at 6 weeks?

Answer 36

Follows object by turning head

Question 37

At what age would you expect a child to be able to draw?

Answer 37

2 and a half years

Question 38

What stage of hearing, speech and language is expected to be shown in the newborn?

Answer 38

Startles to loud noises

Question 39

At what age would you expect a polysyllabic babble?

Answer 39

7-10 months

Question 40

At what age do we expect a baby to sit without support?

Answer 40

7 months

Question 41

At what age do we expect a baby to say 1-2- words and understand their own name?

Answer 41

1 year

Question 42

At what age do we expect a baby to be able to say 6-10 words and point to 4 body parts?

Answer 42

15-18 months

Question 43

BY what age would we expect smiling?

Answer 43

6 weeks

Question 44

From what age do we expect drinking from a cup?

Answer 44

1 year

Question 45

From what age do we expect starting to feed self with spoon?

Answer 45

15-18months

Question 46

What are limit ages?

Answer 46

Traffic light system warning parents and healthcare professionals when a child has not reached a milestone

Question 47

What patterns in development suggest abnormal development?

Answer 47

Slow but steady Plateau Regression

Question 48

What is the limit age for head control?

Answer 48

4 months

Question 49

what is the limit ag3 for sitting unsupported?

Answer 49

9 months

Question 50

What is the limit age for standing independently?>

Answer 50

12 months

Question 51

What is the limit age for walking independently?

Answer 51

18 months

Question 52

Outline the five steps of gross motor development?

Answer 52

Acquisition of tone and head control, primitive reflexes disappear, locomotor patterns, Standing walking and running, Hopping, jumping and peddling

Question 53

What abnormal motor development is associated with cerebral palsy?

Answer 53

Slowed developmental milestones Hyperreflexia and hypertonia Stiff limbs and asymmetry Crossed legs Poor coordination

Question 54

What causes the hyperreflexia and hypertonia seen in abnormal motor development due to cerebral palsy?

Answer 54

Lack of inhibition by corticospinal neurons

Question 55

What are the limit ages for vision and fine motor development?

Answer 55

Fixes and follows visually - 3 months Reaches for objects - 6 months Transfers objects - 9 months Pincer grip - 10 months

Question 56

What are the limit ages for hearing, speech and language development?

Answer 56

Polysyllabic babble - 7 months Consonant babble - 10 months Saying 6 words with meaning - 18 months Joining words - 2 years 3-word sentences - 2 n a half years

Question 57

What are the 4 steps for gross vision and fine motor development?

Answer 57

Visual alertness, fixing and following Grasp reflex, hand regard Voluntary grasping, pincer, points Handles objects with both hands, transfers from hand to hand Writing, cutting and dressing

Question 58

What are the limit ages for social, emotional and behavioural development?

Answer 58

Smiles - 8 weeks Fear of strangers - 10 months Feeds self - 18 months Symbolic play - 2 to 2 and a half years Interactive play - 3 to 3 and a half years

Question 59

Outline the six steps of gross social, behavioural and emotional development?

Answer 59

Smiling, socially responsive, Separation anxiety Self-help skills, feeding, toileting Peer group relationships Symbolic play Social behaviour

Question 60

Outline the five steps of gross hearing, speech and language development?

Answer 60

Sound recognition and vocalisation Babbling Single words, understands simple requests Joining words and phrases Simple and complex conversation

Question 61

What are the three key components of the healthy child programme?

Answer 61

Screening General examination and immunisation Health education/ promotion

Question 62

What are the prenatal causes of developmental impairments?

Answer 62

Nutrition e.g. folate for spinal cord Drugs e.g. amino-glycosides can affects hearing

Question 63

What are the perinatal causes of developmental impairments?

Answer 63

Delivery can be traumatic Oxygen deprivation

Question 64

What are the post natal causes of developmental impairments?

Answer 64

Trauma Meningitis

Question 65

Outline the approach to developmental assessment?

Answer 65

Ask, observe, task

Question 66

When evaluating child development what do we consider in the history?

Answer 66

Parental concern Birth history Family history Current skills and developmental history

Question 67

When evaluating a child with abnormal development, what is included in the examination?

Answer 67

Developmental assessment and general and neurological examination Morphology Investigations - as appropriate

Question 68

What four factors influence developmental delay?

Answer 68

Ill health Lack of physical/ physiological stimuli Sensory/ motor impairment - visual impairment can delay fine motor development Reduced inherent potential

Question 69

What are the 2 categories and their subcategories of developmental delay?

Answer 69

Global and specific Specific : language, motor, sensory, cognitive

Question 70

What are the five causes of global delay?

Answer 70

Chromosomal abnormalities Metabolic Antenatal and perinatal factors - infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia Environmental-social issues Chronic illness

Question 71

What are the 8 causes of motor delay?

Answer 71

Cerebral palsy Global delay - downs Congenital dislocation hip Social deprivation Muscular dystrophy Neural tube defects Hydrocephalus Corticospinal tract injury

Question 72

What is the most common cause of motor delay?

Answer 72

Social deprivation

Question 73

What are the six causes of language delay?

Answer 73

Hearing loss Learning disability Autism Lack of stimulation Impaired comprehension of language Impaired speech production

Question 74

List 4 commonly used assessment tools for child development?

Answer 74

Schedule of growing skills 2 Griffiths developmental scale Bailey developmental scale Denver developmental screening tests