Postnatal and child development

Question 1

Transition from prenatal to postnatal: 4 systems + pre/post differences

Answer 1

• EndocrinePre: IGF2 → 1Post: Human growth hormones hGH
• GeneticsPre: minor effec, maternal factors overridePost: determines final height
• NutritionPre: PlacentaPost: Nutritional abnomalities (Obesity, malabsorption)
• Environment

Question 2

4 phases of growth

Answer 2

• fetal
• infantile
• childhood
• pubertal

Question 3

General notes on head

Answer 3

head is larger thna body and sutures close at 18 months

Question 4

Which 2 phases have 30% growth

Answer 4

fetal

Question 5

What causes growth levels in infntile/childhood

Answer 5

nutrition levels

Question 6

What causes growth levels in pubertal

Answer 6

Sex hormones

Question 7

What’s antagonistic with sex hormone development

Answer 7

self-limiting as sex hormones fuse grwoth plates (stopping growth)

Question 8

What phase has 15% of growth?

Answer 8

infantile and pubertal

Question 9

What phase has the majority of growth

Answer 9

Childhood (40%)

Question 10

What is mini puberty

Answer 10

Increase in HPG Axis activity as a neonate

Question 11

Theory Reason for this mini puberty - increasing HPG axis

Answer 11

elevated maternal HPG inhbiits fetal HPG, so after birth this increases in activity transiently

Question 12

3 changes that mini puberty might cause in neonates

Answer 12

• sex steroids can cause gonadal dev (testicular tissue)
  
  • High testosterone in boys may explain higher growth velocity → Sertoli tissues do not have an androgen receptor yet so no spermatogenesis.
  • In females, it may be important in patterning and dev of breast tissue

Question 13

What triggers puberty?

Answer 13

• heory: nuerokinin nuerones regulate release of kisspeptin acts on GnRH.
• mutations in KISS affect puberty timing

Question 14

Development milestone at the right timing is called…

Answer 14

consonance

Question 15

4 developmental domain

Answer 15

• Gross motor development
• Sensory and fine motor dev
• Social behaviour
• Hearing, speech and language

Question 15

Gross motor development:How do newborn babies look when lying flat?

Answer 15

limited flex

Question 15

At 6-8 weeks how well can babies raise their head? GM

Answer 15

head rasied 45 degrees

Question 16

What happens at 6-8 months?GM

Answer 16

6 month: sit up- curved back
8 month: sit up straight

Question 17

What about 10 months? GM

Answer 17

Stand up and cruise around furniture

Question 17

What can babies do by 8-9 months?GM

Answer 17

Crawl around

Question 18

12 months: GM

Answer 18

walk unsteady

Question 19

GM 15 months?

Answer 19

walk steady

Question 20

By 6 weeks what can babies do coordination wise? FM

Answer 20

Move head with sound

Question 21

By 4 months? FM

Answer 21

reach for toys

Question 22

4-6 months? FM

Answer 22

Palmar grasp

Question 23

7 months? FM

Answer 23

Transferring toys from one hand to another

Question 24

What can babies do by 10 months grip wise?

Answer 24

Mature pincer grip

Question 25

- What about by 16-18 months? Make marks with a crayon - By the time the child reaches 14 months -4 how does their hand-eye coordination develop? Becomes quite sophisticated e.g. can build increasingly more difficult structures with building blocks  - What about in drawing 2-5 years ?

Answer 25

Make marks with a crayon

Question 26

By the time the child reaches 14 months -4 how does their hand-eye coordination develop?

Answer 26

Becomes quite sophisticated e.g. can build increasingly more difficult structures with building blocks

Question 27

What about in drawing 2-5 years ?

Answer 27

Through 2-5 years they can draw without seeing how it’s done and can copy from 6 months earlier after seeing how it’s done

Question 28

What can babies do at 6 weeks?

Answer 28

Smiling

Question 29

What can babies do at 6-8 months?

Answer 29

Self feeding

Question 30

What can they do at 10-12 months?

Answer 30

Peek a boo

Question 31

What about at 12 months?

Answer 31

Drink with 2 hands

Question 32

What can kids do at 18 months?

Answer 32

Hold spoon for feeding

Question 33

What about at 18-24 months?

Answer 33

Symbolic play

Question 34

What can children do at 2 years?

Answer 34

Potty train

Question 35

What can children do at 2.5-3 years?

Answer 35

Play with other children

Question 36

How do newborns react to noise

Answer 36

startled by loud noise

Question 37

What can babies do by 3-4 months?

Answer 37

vocalise when spoken too

Question 38

How do babies react to sound at 7 months?

Answer 38

turn to soft noise out of sight

Question 39

What can babies do by 7-10 months?

Question 40

What can they do by 12 months?

Answer 40

mama/dada (small words)

Question 41

What can toddlers do at 18 months?

Answer 41

a few words - no sentences

Question 42

What can a child do at 20-24 months?

Answer 42

simple sentences

Question 43

What can child do at 2.5-3 years?

Answer 43

talk constantly in sentences

Question 44

What is the NHS Healthy Child programme?

Answer 44

aims to prveent disease and promote good health and is universal

Question 45

A good screening test must be (3)

Answer 45

* easy to administer * cost effective * accurate

Question 46

examples of child health checks (3)

Answer 46

* Blood spot chevk * Newborn check * newborn hearing test

Question 47

The diseaes we are screening for should be... (3)

Answer 47

* able to be identified * catch it early * treatable * reduce mortality

Question 48

What is the newborn Check

Answer 48

physcial exam: weight, eyes, heart, hips and testes

Question 49

Blood spot test?

Answer 49

CF, Sickle cell, metabolic diseases

Question 50

Define Global developmental delay

Answer 50

significant delay in 2 or more milestones eg Down syndrome, infections, chronic issues

Question 51

Specific developmental delay

Answer 51

delays in domains as a whole. usually due to deficits or abnormal intelligenve eg learning disorders, motor skill disorders

Question 52

5 reasons for global dveelopmental delays

Answer 52

* chromosomal abnoramlities * metabolic disorders * perinatal factors * enviormental issues * chronic illness think of it as this causes a lot of issues not just 1