Postural Control

Question 1

Term: controlling the body’s position in space

Answer 1

Postural Control

Question 2

Term: Ability to maintain appropriate relationships between body segements and between the body and the environment for successful task completion

Answer 2

Postural orientation

Question 3

Term: ability to control the COM in relationship to the BOS

Answer 3

Postural stability

Question 4

Term: Point at the center of the total body mass

Answer 4

Center of control/mass (COM)

Question 5

Term: The center of distribution of total force applied to the supporing surface

Answer 5

Center of Pressure (COP)

Question 6

The relationship between the ___1___ and ___2___ provdies better insight into _____3_____ than either variable alone.

Answer 6

1. COM
2. COP
3. Stability

Question 7

Postural _____1_____ is obtained when the __2__ is over the ___3___. The ___4___ is the vertical projection of the COM.

Answer 7

1. Stability
2. COM
3. BOS
4. COG

Question 8

List examples that alter the relationship betweenthe COM and BOX. (3)

Answer 8

1. Voluntary [leaning foward, reaching, etc]
2. External perturbation [pushed in a crowd, bus stops/starts]
3. Structural and can develop slowerly or suddenly [age, amputation, etc]

Question 9

Postural control requirements vary with ____1____ and _____2_____.

Answer 9

1. Task
2. Environment

Question 10

Postural control emerges from the interaciton of 3 factors.

Answer 10

1. Task
2. Individual
3. Environment

Question 11

List the 2 systems responsible for postural control

Answer 11

1. MSK
2. Neuro

[3. Sensory]

Question 12

Stability ____1____ change according to the task and individual characteristics. The ____2____ and _____3____ of the COM influence stance.

Answer 12

1. Limits
2. Position
3. Velocity

Question 13

List the 3 Strategies underlying stance postural control

Answer 13

1. Sensory
2. Sensorimotor
3. Attentional

Question 14

3 Action systems in postural control

Answer 14

1. Higher level planning [cognitive, cortex]
2. Coordination [brainstem, semi-automatic]
3. Generation [motor neurons and mm]

Question 15

3 Factors of motor control in quiet stance

Answer 15

1. Alignment [vertical COM w/in BOS]
2. Muscle tone
3. Postural tone

Question 16

3 Movement strategies during perturbed stance

Answer 16

1. Controlling forward and backward sway
2. Feedback control
3. Feedforward control

Question 17

List what can occur with the COM moves outside the limits of stability.

Answer 17

1. They could fall
2. They could grap onto something
3. They could enact a “movement strategy” to regain balance

Question 18

3 Strategies to regain Anterioposterior Stability

Answer 18

1. Ankle strategy
2. Hip strategy [w/larger perturbations or smaller support surfaces]
3. Stepping strategy

Question 19

Muscle patterns are organized in a ________ to ________ direction starting with the head.

Answer 19

Proximal, distal

Question 20

In order to know __1__ and __2__ to apply restoring forces, the CNS must have an accurate picture of ____3___ the body is in space and whether it is _____4_____ or in motion.

Answer 20

1. When
2. How
3. Where
4. Stationary

Question 21

Input: Important but not essential and may give us erroneous information

Answer 21

Visual

Question 22

Inputs: Proprioceptive, cutaneous, and joint receptors, although very helpful in normal situations there are times when this input is not helpful.

Answer 22

Somatosensory

Question 23

Inputs: by itself cannot provide a true picture of how the body is moving in space

Answer 23

Vestibular

Question 24

Sensory strategies during quiet stance in healthy young individuals use ___1___ ______2_____ and ____3____. During perturbed stance _____4_____ is not critical. ________5_______ inputs are the most important and ______6______ inputs play a minor role.

Answer 24

1. Vision
2. Somatosensation
3. Vestibular
4. Vision
5. Somatosensatory
6. Vestibular

Question 25

AS the task is learned there is a \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_ in the relative importance of visual inputs and \_\_\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_\_\_ on somatosensory inputs for postural control.

Answer 25

1. Decrease 2. Increase

Question 26

List the 2 Categories or Fall Risk Factors

Answer 26

1. Extrinsic environmental 2. Instrinsic

Question 27

List the 11 Risk Factors for Fall in Community Dwellers

Answer 27

1. Mm weakness 2. Hx of falls 3. Gait deficits 4. Balance deficits 5. Use of an AD 6. Visual deficits 7. Arthritis 8. Impaired ADLs 9. Depression 10. Cognitive Impairment 11. \> 80 yo

Question 28

Strength \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_ with age as does endurance. Spinal \_\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_\_ shows greatest decline with age, as does \_\_\_3\_\_\_ joint flexibility. This impacts the ability to adjust a moving \_\_\_4\_\_\_.

Answer 28

1. Declines 2. Flexibility 3. Ankle 4. COM

Question 29

Spontaneous sway \_\_\_\_\_1\_\_\_\_\_ with each decade of life. Sway \_\_\_\_\_2\_\_\_\_\_ increases with age and has more of an impact than sway \_\_\_\_3\_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

.1. Increases 2. Velocity 3. Amplitude

Question 30

List the 3 ways muscle activity changes with age

Answer 30

1. Slower onset 2. Change in organization [stereotyped] 3. Greater use of hip strategy

Question 31

List the 3 motor system changes with age

Answer 31

1. Muscle weakness 2. Impaired timing and organzation of synergistic muscles 3. Limitation in adaptability

Question 32

List the 3 sensory systems that decline with age

Answer 32

1. Vision 2. Somatosensory 3. Vestibular

Question 33

Older adults are very dependent on __________ for postural stability.

Answer 33

vision