Potassium

Question 1

former name of potassium

Answer 1

kalium

Question 2

must NEVER be administered IV push as it can immediately stop the heart <3

Answer 2

potassium

Question 3

RBC in K+ is _?

Answer 3

23x of plasma/serum potassium

Question 4

major intracellular cation, give corresponding values

Answer 4

potassium (105 mmol/L in RBC

Question 5

Critical Value: Hypokalemia

Answer 5

2.5 mmol/L

Question 6

Critical Value: Hyperkalemia

Answer 6

6.5 mmol/L

Question 7

Male Reference Range of Potassium in Plasma

Answer 7

3.5-4.5

Question 8

reference range of serum potassium

Answer 8

3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L

Question 9

reference range of serum potassium is only __ of total body K+

Answer 9

2%

Question 10

this hormone can also regulate potassium

Answer 10

aldosterone

Question 11

In this organ 70-80% of filtered K+ is reabsorb (proximal tubules)

Answer 11

kidney

Question 12

it results to rapid entry of K+ in the cell

Answer 12

acute K+ elevation

Question 13

Female Reference Range of Potassium in Plasma

Answer 13

3.4 - 4.4

Question 14

ref range of K+ in urine (24h)

Answer 14

25-125 mmol/d

Question 15

slight increase/decrease of potassium can seriously affect this muscle

Answer 15

potassium

Question 16

In terms of abnormality, it is the single most important analayte

Answer 16

potassium

Question 17

when aldosterone acts in DCT, it reabsorbs Na, in turn this electrolyte is excreted

Answer 17

potassium

Question 18

it promotes cellular uptake of potassium

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

In acute elevation of potassium, it results to the rapid entry of K+ into the cell, this mechanism happen because?

Answer 19

it’s an attempt to lower potassium in serum

Question 20

true/false

beta blockers which are therapeutic drugs specifically cardioactive drugs promotes cellular uptake of K+

Answer 20

false (impairs)

Question 21

hypokalemia may result in?

Answer 21

arrythmia and paralysis

Question 22

potassium levels with <2.5mmol/L causes __?

Answer 22

tachycardia

Question 23

most common cause of hypokalemia (extra renal)

Answer 23

diarrhea

Question 24

Enumerate causes of Hypokalemia

Answer 24

• GIT loss
• Renal loss
• Cellular Shift
• Decreased K+ Intake

Question 25

It causes increased loss of potassium in stool

Answer 25

large doses of laxatives

Question 26

True/False Cathecholamines is involved in cellular uptake of Potassium

Answer 26

True

Question 27

hyperkalemia: 6-7 mmol/L can alter?

Answer 27

ECG TRACE

Question 28

this concentraton of K+ can cause lack of muscle excitability/weakness

Answer 28

8mmol/L

Question 29

K+ conc that can cause cardiac arrest

Answer 29

10mmol/L

Question 30

preferred sample for K+ lab analysis

Answer 30

heparinized plasma

Question 31

it mimics the function of aldosterone

Answer 31

cortisol

Question 32

cathecholamine hyper or hypoglycemia?

Answer 32

hyperglycemia

Question 33

It promotes decrease in hydrogen ions, which then promotes excretion of potassium

Answer 33

renal tubular acidosis

Question 34

former name of potassium

Answer 34

kalium

Question 35

Explain why cushing syndrome results to hypokalemia (renal loss)

Answer 35

it involves increase in cortisol which is secreted in the adrenal cortex that MIMICS action of aldosterone

Question 36

alkalosis causes hypokalemia, in what way?

Answer 36

When blood pH is alkaline, it will make H+ ions exit the cell to normalize blood pH which in turn makes the K+ enter the cell leading to hypokalemia

Question 37

hypomagnesemia enhances what?

Answer 37

secretion of aldosterone

Question 38

Explain how Hyperaldosteronism causes hypokalemia

Answer 38

PISO Hyperaldosteronism causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted.

Question 39

It causes hypokalemia because of immature wbcs

Answer 39

acute leukemia

Question 40

Pseudohypokalemia only occurs during analysis and when your patient has?

Answer 40

leukocytosis which takes up potassium if sample left at RT

Question 41

how many percentage of filtered K+ does kidneys reabsorb

Answer 41

70-80%

Question 42

It’s a disease that causes hyperkalemia because all adrenal hormones are affected

Answer 42

addison’s disease

Question 43

explain why acidosis causes hyperkalemia

Answer 43

when blood is acidic, H+ ions will enter the cell, which in turn makes K+ exit the cell entering blood leading to Hyperkalemia

Question 44

I was so busy that I forgot to centrifuge the whole blood sample that is stored in the ref. can i still use this blood sample?

Answer 44

no, because it is a variable in lab analysis of potassium, this action promotes exit of K+ from cell which will lead to false increase

Question 45

An 18 year old patient fresh from volleyball practice came to the lab, a request came that she should be tested for potassium levels. what should we do?

Answer 45

explain that she can’t be tested for potassium levels because exercise and prolonged standing causes false increase in potassium levels by 10-20%

Question 46

An intern took the blood sample from the patient that will be tested for potassium levels, it was noticeable that the procedure took more than 1 minute. what can you notice in this case?

Answer 46

the blood collection procedure took more than one minute, meaning there is a prolonged tourniquet application, that will cause false increase in K+

Question 47

An intern carefully instruct the patient to fist clench, during blood testing for potassium. what can you say?

Answer 47

you should not instruct your patient to fist clench because it will cause cellular exit of K+

Question 48

True or False It is okay to use a lipemic sample in potassium testing because it does not necessarily affect K+

Answer 48

False, it will cause false increase of serum potassium

Question 49

Potassium: Slight hemolysis - values

Answer 49

(50mg/dl hgb) 3% increase in K+

Question 50

Potassium: Gross hemolysis - values

Answer 50

(>500 mg/dl hgb) 30% inc K+

Question 51

variable values: mild moderate excercise

Answer 51

0.3-1.2 mmol/l inc

Question 52

variable value: vigorous excercise also, give an example

Answer 52

2-3 mmol/l inc (fist clenching)

Question 53

ISE unexcited or excited?

Answer 53

unexcited

Question 54

ISE k+ specific membrane

Answer 54

valinomycin

Question 55

K+ lab method: colorimetry (___)

Answer 55

lockhead and prucell

Question 56

Flame emission photometry: excited or not?

Answer 56

excited

Question 57

true or false hyperaldosteronism = hypernatremia = hypokalemia

Answer 57

true

Question 58

T/F Diabetes Mellitus causes hyponatremia, and hypokalemia

Answer 58

false hyperglycemia causes hyponatremia DM causes hyperkalemia

Question 59

why can’t you use K2 (versene) in a blood sample that will be tested for K+

Answer 59

dipotassium EDTA

Question 60

Acidosis values in hyperkalemia

Answer 60

inc 0.2-1.7 mmol/l/0.1 ph unit decrease

Question 61

T/F a female patient experiences hyperkalemia 128mmol/d in her urine sample. It also means that she has hypoaldosteronism and hypernateremia

Answer 61

t

Question 62

why plasma is preferred over serum in potassium lab analysis?

Answer 62

serum is 0.1-0.7 mmol/l higher than plasma

Question 63

3 specimen accepted in potassium analysis

Answer 63

heparinized plasma, serum, urine

Question 64

major cation inside the cell

Answer 64

potassium