Poultry Flashcards

Question

Canadian Codes of Practices

Answer 1

Minimal requirements set for all livestock species Requirements must be met by both commercial and backyard animal producers. **Does not set limits on the size of the herd/flock Not a legal document, but does set minimum requirements if someone gets charged in court.

Answer 2

*"The industry commits to a minimum of 85% of hens to be transitioned from existing conventional cage systems to alternative housing systems that meet the requirements of this code within 15 years, and will aim to transition 100% within this time frame."*

Answer 3

Floor is sloped to the front so egg can roll out to conveyor belt Wire floor so manure drops out onto manure belt and prevents disease feed trough nipple drinkers for water Cannibalism is easier to control Prevent territorial aggression

Answer 4

Allow for expression of natural behavior Perches - allows a place to roost away from predators and provide true rest Nest Boxes - Behind a curtain Turf Mat - Provides a scratch pad to simulate foraging behavior Dust Bath - Positive welfare

Answer 5

Cage-free systems appear better for the consumer More space for birds Room to fly and roost litter allows scratching and dust bathing ramps allow hens to climb to nest boxes rather than fly There are more injuries due to crashing and flight issues

Answer 6

For animal welfare reasons Does not increase production at all Requires a complete barn rebuild

Answer 7

Ventilation - biggest concerns are carbon dioxide and ammonia Lights - red (increases laying and aggression) blue or green (increases growth)...day length impacts a birds laying cycle (shorter day length for pullets, longer for layers) Feeders - given ad libitum (freely) except in breeders, high body fat decreases fertiltiy Waterers Cages (x) Furnished and cage-free Perches, nest boxes, dustbathing area, scratchpads

Answer 8

All broiler housing in Canada is Free Run Last poultry with added hormones in Canada was in the 1960s

Answer 9

All turkey housing in Canada is Free Run They require more than one house. They get too big and outgrow the barn (feeder barn to finishing barn) Some barns are segmented until the birds get bigger and then they open it all up.

Answer 10

Floor reared birds Ventilation - limited in Canada to prevent heat loss and inefficiencies Lights - duration need time to rest Feeders - ad libitum Waterers Litter - essential to be absorbent and soft

Answer 11

Different business depending on meat of egg production Heavily automated, robotics, electronic sensors

Answer 12

Grade A eggs are the only ones for human consumption - separated by size Other grade eggs are sorted (usually lower quality) In Sask. STAR EGGS in Saskatoon is the only plant Founded in 1966 Grades and processes over 1 million eggs each day Shipped throughout western Canada Cage Eggs are the cheapest Value Added eggs (omega rich diet leads to eggs high in omegas)

Answer 13

In Sask - 2 companies Lilydale Sofina Foods - Wynyard Prairie Pride Natural Foods - Saskatoon Sold as roasters or individual parts VERY large market for processed chicken ex. KFC is very particular about size and consistency.

Answer 14

in Sask - 1 company Prairie Pride Natural Foods - Saskatoon but only up to 11 kg. Over 11kg - they get shipped to Lilydale Sofina - Edmonton Grannies Poultry - Winnipeg

Answer 15

Important to prevent rather than treat Risks are caused by borrowing equipment ventilation new chicks new people visiting location area trucks

Answer 16

All-in all-out flocks - all chicks arrive at the same time and leave as chickens at the same time Who can come into the farm/barn? - trucks, equipment, people, catchers Location of the farms - Stay away from lakes, wetlands, slaughter facilities, and places where there are high volumes of wild birds nearby Purchasing chicks from reputable hatcheries Cleaning and disinfecting - full sanitation between flocks

Answer 17

Poultry are precocial - chicks are able to survive without the mother immediately after hatching Altricial - requires parental help and they can't fend for themselves within the early days of life. Precocial is beneficial because they don't require any extra care or management. Fertilized eggs are hatched in commercial hatcheries

Answer 18

Storage temperatures 1 to 3d 18 – 21C 4 to 7d 15 – 18C >7d 10 – 12C Relative Humidity 70-80% Duration of Storage 1 to 7 days optimum *Longer storage affects total hatch, uniformity of hatch and performance of offspring* >7 but < 14 days is acceptable

Answer 19

Giant room where eggs go for 18(ish) days Eggs are tilted to improve embryo movement - simulates movement of the embryo by wild birds (turning of the egg) Room required ventilation

Answer 20

Hatch basket is used immediately before eggs hatch 21 days after eggs were layed (incubation began) the the eggs will hatch

Answer 21

Huge eyes develop first The egg tooth develops on top of the beak which allows the internal pip (Breaking of the inner membrane) and external pip (breaking of the eggshell) Birds that are too weak to break the shell are euthanized because they will be too weak to succeed on the farm. As the embryo grows, they position their head towards the air cell and tuck their head between their legs.

Answer 22

eggs are turned a minimum of 8 times per day maintains the central location of the yolk and prevents adhesion to the cell membrane Ventilation is required to remove CO2 and provide fresh oxygen. It also controls the temperature Incubate the egg the small end down - prevents malpositions

Answer 23

Eggs are placed on their sides allows for rolling to aid in the piping process

Answer 24

Automated equipment that removes nonviable eggs or those with dead embryos uses candling technology identifies clear eggs - can be used to see bacterial infections Automatically removes eggs so energy is only directed to better quality chicks. Treats viable eggs with vaccination

Answer 25

Beak Treatment tip of the beak is trimmed to prevent damage caused when hens fight - reduces cannibalism Has been banned in some countries but not Canada Chicks are vaccinated Turkeys get a toe treatment where they are declawed

Answer 26

Chicks get sexed vent sexing - is invasive and difficult, producers are moving away from this practice feather sexing - done within a few days of birth female feathers are the same length, males are different lengths.

Answer 27

21 days 18 days in the setter 3+ in the hatcher 21+ days total

Answer 28

28 days 25 days in the setter 3+ in the hatcher 28+ days total

Answer 29

28 days 25 days in the setter 3+ in the hatcher 28+ days in total

Answer 30

30+ days 25 days in the setter 5+ in the hatcher 30+ days in total

Answer 31

National Board - Chicken Farmers of Canada Provincial Board - Chicken Farmers of Sask, ex Anyone with 1000+ chickens must own quota boards provide all mandates, codes of practice, etc.

Answer 32

about 70 broiler producers produce about 28 million kg of chicken (2.9% of Canada's production - ON and QC are the highest producers) production is based on 8-week cycles with quota allowing for 6.5 cycles per year Average time to market is approx. 5 weeks so production can increase by reducing the downtime to 2 weeks.

Answer 33

30-49 days to market depending on product produced. in sask. about 35 days for most birds Other parts of the work is about 49+ days for a roaster but it uses more feed and water making it less sustainable or economical Broilers reach sexual maturity at 21 weeks so no eggs are ever produced the barn floor is housed with ad libitum access to food and water selecting slower growing strains for improved welfare is not supported by science

Answer 34

All equipment – washed and disinfected before arrival Litter (insulative, soft, absorbent, inexpensive) Preheat house to 30-34 C (must be warm because chicks cant fully thermoregulate) Provide clean water Ensure all chicks find feed and water (important to give equal access to food and water and avoid competition)

Answer 35

Feed accounts for 40-50% of the cost of producing a broiler Producers can either feed manufactured feed or have their own feedmill Fed as a crumble or a pellet Available ad libitum

Answer 36

Loading out refers to the shipment of broilers to the processing plant. Loadout at night; slaughter in morning (Less stressful, less traffic) Birds are caught by hand (catch legs) and carried to truck modules (In SK – professional catching crews) Modules filled with birds are stacked on a truck outside barn (Stack of drawers that chickens are placed in)

Answer 37

summer vs winter shipping changes stock density to manage proper temperature regulation Birds must stay dry to prevent sickness enclosed trailers with environmental controls are too expensive and are not used in Canada - Tarps are used instead

Answer 38

Birds are grown to specific “target” weights There are two main slaughter weights in Canada ◼ KFC – 1.75 ◼ BBQ grocery stores – 2.5 kg

Answer 39

All birds inspected for food safety CFIA insects birds for grade A status ◼ Grade A status ❑ Birds with defects are graded as Utility and are usually not sold in supermarkets but rather are used in processed chicken products (i.e. soups, stews etc)

Answer 40

Roasters (whole bird) -Usually only males -3.6 kg live weight -8-9 weeks of age (56-63 days) -whole eviscerated carcass

Poultry Flashcards

(64 cards)