Poultry

Question 1

domestication of chicken

Answer 1

one of the most common and widespread domesticated animal - from red jungle fowl in india - 2500BC and china 5400BC

Question 2

domestication of the turkey

Answer 2

from wild turkey in mexico 1000BC, the turkey is a subspecies of this one

Question 3

domestication of the duck

Answer 3

mallard duck in china 2500BC

Question 4

domestication of the goose

Answer 4

greylag goose and swan goose in asia, egypt and europe

→polyphyletic origin, multiple common ancestors - not all share same ancestor

Question 5

domestication of the pidgeon

Answer 5

from the rocky doves of the mediterranean and north african region - the oldest domesticated bird!

Question 6

(chicken) microevolutionary consequences

Answer 6

more meat - incr. size and weight, feather types/colors/patterns incr, breast hypertrophy and changes to limb muscleluture, fat deposition in duck and geese - fatty liver, brain size, used to humans, incr. prolificacy and fertility

Question 7

pidgeon microevolutionary changes and use

Answer 7

changed behaviour (humans), high biodiversity (color, fantail, leg-feathering, crest and tuft on nose, short beak

use: meat produciton, hobby, sport(flying), fancy pidgeons

Question 8

breeding goal of the turkey

Answer 8

meat production and egg production. broad chest (egg) and heavy muscling (meat) are selected traits

Question 9

breeding goal of the goose

Answer 9

body mass and fat deposition, better reproduction, feather color variants, genetic pollution (cause environmental damage due to “new” habitat need after cross)

Question 10

breeding goal for the duck

Answer 10

size, weight, plumage(feather): color/ variants, prolificacy, conformation, layers, meat

Question 11

changes in egg laying ability

Answer 11

1st year forms basis of determining egg laying ability - size incr. in the 2nd year, but no decreases!

Question 12

intensity of laying

Answer 12

breed specific, longer intensity means longer egg laying period w/o interval. btw. 141-504days

Question 13

egg quality

Answer 13

weight, size, interior, shell

Question 14

brooding

Answer 14

broodiness is to sit on a clutch of eggs to incubate them. its not a desirable trait and is selected against!

Question 15

reproductive system in hens

Answer 15

2 parts: ovary + oviduct, singular ova develop in ovary then when matured it reaches the oviduct = ovulation. in oviduct the albumen, egg white and the shell is produced.

from yolk to ready egg=25-26h, 30-75mins after laying the ovary releases the next ovum.

Question 16

the male poultry reproductive system: different phallus types (pidgeon, chicken, duck and goose)

Answer 16

testis are found inside the body cavity - no scrotum!

• *pidgeon:** no phallus
• *chicken:** non-protrucing phallus
• *duck, geese:** long protruding phallus

Question 17

moulting

Answer 17

renewing feathers: loosing and regrowing when day gets shorter - chicken normally does not lay egg during this time.

about once a year

forced: allowed in US, prohibited in EU. using e.g. decr. daylight to artificially provoke a flock to moult at the same time.

Question 18

breeding goal of laying hens

Answer 18

egg no., feed efficiency, egg quality - color of egg differs in different countries.

Question 19

pouldtry breeding - selection

Answer 19

mass selection based on individual appearance, performance, family selection, look at sibling,s, progeny test, pedigree data.

both pure breeding and hybridizations are common!

(purebred: mantinance, improvements)

Question 20

color of laying hens

Answer 20

white: smaller in size, eats less

brown; rel. larger, eat more, lay bigger eggs

Question 21

reciprocal recurrent selection

Answer 21

crossing lines of different breeds to make the best combinations of hybrids - the best are used for breeding, others are called culling hens which are “removed” from flock.

(select and improve the best and mating the best to best followed by crossing the improved lines or breeds to take the advantage of hybrid vigour)

Question 22

life of a laying hen

Answer 22

specialized breeds will prod. up to 300 eggs per year. the laying ability will begin to decline after 12 months, then they are eventually slaughtered and used in baby food, pet food, pies etc.

Question 23

typical egg production traits

Answer 23

early sexual maturity, more than 300/yr is eggcellent year,

Question 24

breeding programs for layer hybrids

Answer 24

unusual to cross inbred lines of same breed.

testcrossing to find the best combos, selctively bred for future hybrids, others are culled (removed)

Question 25

life of a broiler chicken

Answer 25

goal = meat fowl, in nature they reach 5-11yrs, while commercially they are slaughtered at 6 weeks, organic meat at 14 weeks

Question 26

meat production traits of broilers

Answer 26

breast/thigh/drumstick/liver are most imp. - dressing precentage is 65-70%(what ends up as carcass) quality: look at the dark:white meat ratio, dark har more ox(myoglobin) mortality rate, vitality

Question 27

behavioral problems:

Answer 27

**cannibalism** (prevented by e.g. beek trimming) **feather eating** as a protein source if deficiency! (feathers are made of protein)

Question 28

breding programs of broiler **hybrids**

Answer 28

_3 way crossing:_ maternal line is crossbred(synthetic), while the paternal line is purebred (white cornish) _4 way crossing:_ both maternal and paternal are crossbred - most of the worlds' commercial broilers are 4 way crosses!

Question 29

performance testing of broilers and layers

Answer 29

random sample test of egg (meat?)

Question 30

primary breeding sector of the broiler chicken industry

Answer 30

**pedigree stock** - pure line which makes parent stock kept on **high level biosecure farm**(health and welfare). Assessed by x-ray and ultrasound of muscle and bones. - ox levels of blood are also measured

Question 31

broiler breeder farm

Answer 31

raise parent stock (which prod. fertilized eggs) *- never ment for human consumption!* males and femals are **sep. genetic lines/ breeds** -\> produce crossbreeds. the parent stock is purchased from primary breedier a day old - raising in rearing houses or starter farms

Question 32

rearing houses

Answer 32

**shed or barn for raising broilers. 11k** bird capacity, minimal **ventilation** is required, **insulation**, **keep out natural light so day cycle can be controlled,**

Question 33

rearing of chickens

Answer 33

**weight** is monitored, **vaccinations**, **genders are raised seperately**. overweight bird give **lower egg production** - skip feeding days to **fix** weight.

Question 34

fattening of broilers

Answer 34

pelleted feed mix until 10 days feeders, silos, conveyers, ventilation, cooling, heating -\> good chicken

Question 35

broiler production (rearing)

Answer 35

single phase system in large units - ventilation is important to keep dirt away. lighting is controlled, anlternating, decr. near slaughter, automatic feeders, watering systems

Question 36

egg production

Answer 36

2 phase system: rearing phase(brooding, and laying phase

Question 37

concerns of battery chickens

Answer 37

= intensive mass production, factory farming * antibiotics use, arcenic, steroid hormones, E. coli, salmonella, avian influenza, mareks disease?, **welfare**

Question 38

productive traits of the turkey

Answer 38

* **excellent growth** up to 24w - **2-3kg/kg feed**, around **80%** dressing percentage * **female fattening:** 14-16w, **male fattening:** 22-26w * easily frigthened - run away in stress: injuries, high poult losses in large units (5-7% mort. rate) beak trimming is common

Question 39

production systems of the turkey

Answer 39

commercial: intensive large unit systems

Question 40

breeding methods or duck

Answer 40

different breeds have different breeding seasons! some all year round, some breed in season, show mating behaviour and lay eggs neck biting, pecking, head bobbing, mounting attempts by male

Question 41

production systems of the duck

Answer 41

extensive, semi-intensive and intensive

Question 42

breeding of pidgeons

Answer 42

monogamous -\> forced pairing is possible prolificacy and conformational traits are important