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Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Poultry Medicine: Nutritional Disease > Flashcards

Poultry Medicine: Nutritional Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are broilers? When are they marketed?

A

meat-type breed of chicken - White Plymouth Rock, Cornish

6-9 weeks of age at 4.5-5 lbs

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2
Q

What 4 vaccines are recommended for broiler chickens?

A
  1. Marek’s disease - SQ
  2. Newcastle disease - coarse spray, water
  3. infectious bronchitis - coarse spray, water
  4. infectious bursal disease - coarse spray, water
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3
Q

What are layer chickens? What are the 2 classifications?

A

female chickens used for table eggs - Leghorn hybrids

  1. Pullet - sexually immature female used as a replacement layer
  2. Hen - sexually mature
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4
Q

When do hens begin laying eggs? How long are they incubated?

A

18-20 weeks of age –> produce 250-310 eggs per laying cycle

21 days

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5
Q

When are layers stimulated to molt? How? Why?

A

stimulated to molt at 6 weeks old my decreasing photoperiod

get it done before laying so they can put all energy into laying eggs

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6
Q

How long are laying flocks held in production?

A

until they are 75 weeks of age

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7
Q

What 6 vaccines are recommended for laying chickens?

A
  1. Marek’s disease - SQ
  2. Newcastle disease + infectious bronchitis - water, coarse spray, aerosol, parenteral
  3. infectious bursal disease - water
  4. laryngotracheitis - intraocular drops
  5. fowl pox - wing web injection
  6. encephalomyelitis - wing web injection
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8
Q

What turkey breeds are used in the turkey industry?

A
  • Large White/Broad Breasted White
  • Holland White
  • Beltsville White

typically debeaked to decrease cannibalism, unable to breed naturally

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9
Q

What 3 types of turkeys are used in the turkey industry?

A
  1. poult - young sexually immature
  2. tom - males, marketed at 19-20 weeks, weighing 28-30 lbs
  3. hens - females, marketed at 14 weeks, weighing 14-16 lbs
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10
Q

What 3 vaccines are recommended for turkeys?

A
  1. Newcastle disease - water, spray
  2. hemorrhagic enteritis - water
  3. fowl cholera - water, SQ
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11
Q

What breeds of duck are used in the industry?

A
  • White Pekin
  • Rouen
  • Muscovy

used for meat, eggs, feathers, and pest control

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12
Q

When are Pekin and Rouen ducks marketed?

A

7-9 weeks –> 6-7 lbs

5 months

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13
Q

When are broilers/fryers, roasters, and mature/old ducks marketed?

A

8 weeks, 5-6.5 lbs

16 weeks, 7-8 lbs

over 6 months, meat used in processed products

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14
Q

What breeds are most commonly used in the goose industry?

A

Emden and Toulouse

used for meat, down for pillows, grass control, guards, show

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15
Q

What is a male and female goose called? When are goslings and young geese marketed?

A

gander, goose

marketed in the fall at 24-30 weeks, 11-15 lbs

marketed at 10-13 weeks, 10-12 lbs (fed for rapid growth)

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16
Q

What breeds are most commonly used in the quail industry? When are the processed?

A

Bobwhite, Coturnix/Japanese –> used for eggs and meat, chicks debeaked

when mature at 16 weeks, 3-7 oz

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16
Q

When are pheasants marketed?

A

16-18 weeks

used mostly for meat +/- hunt clubs, eggs, feathers

17
Q

What are the 4 important components to poultry nutrition?

A
  1. ENERGY - grains, grain byproduct, molasses, vegetable/animal fat
  2. PROTEIN - soybean meal (+ other plant meal), fish meal, meat meal
  3. VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION
  4. MINERALS - Ca, P, salt

(corn meal, alfalfa meal, corn gluten meal produce yellow color of skin and yolk)

18
Q

What birds are most commonly affected by Ca, P, and vitamin D deficiencies? What lesions are associated?

A

young poults 3-6 weeks of age in backyard/hobby flocks

RICKETS - rubbery/soft bones and beak, enlarged joints, beaded ribs

19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with rickets in poultry? How is it diagnosed? Treated?

A

lameness, stunted growth, poor feathering

gross/microscopic description of bones, feed analysis

supplement Ca, P, and Vitamin D3, balance diet

20
Q

What do Ca, P, and vitamin D3 deficiencies cause in older poultry? Why?

A

cage layer fatigue in adult hens (osteoporosis)

higher Ca requirement needed for laying eggs, resulting in Ca resoprtion from bones

21
Q

What 5 signs are associated with cage layer fatigue?

A
  1. thin-shelled eggs with low hatchability
  2. panting
  3. spread wings
  4. prostration
  5. paralysis, death
22
Q

What 4 lesions are associated with manganese deficiency? What treatment is recommended?

A
  1. perosis - shortening and rotation of long bones
  2. joint swelling –> lameness
  3. displacement of gastrocnemius tendon
  4. thin-shelled, poorly hatched eggs

manganese supplementation - corrects egg and hatchability issues, not leg deformities

23
Q

What can salt deficiency cause in poultry? What is a characteristic sign?

A
  • poor growth
  • decreased appetite and water intake
  • ascites, decreased plasma fluid volume
  • softened bones
  • adrenal hypertrophy
  • decreased CO/MAP
  • reduced utilization of protein and energy

falling forward when startled with legs stretched out behind

24
Q

What occurs with salt toxicity in the absence and with adequate water?

A

ABSENCE OF WATER = rapid dehydration and death

WITH WATER = diarrhea, PD, dyspnea, weakness, mucoid discharge from beak

25
Q

What 3 things does a zinc deficiency cause in poultry?

A
  1. perosis and decreased growth
  2. hyperkeratosis of foot pads and poor feathering
  3. decreased egg production and hatchability - mortality mid-incubation –> skeletal abnormalities
26
Q

What 5 signs are associated with selenium deficiency in younger birds? In older birds?

A

5-11 weeks

  1. exudative crusting
  2. unthriftiness
  3. ruffled feathers
  4. edema - weeping skin
  5. skin bruises/scabs easily

decreased egg production/hatchability and feed conversion

27
Q

What 6 clinical signs are associated with vitamin A deficiency in chicks?

A
  1. anorexia, emaciation
  2. stunted growth
  3. drowsiness
  4. weakness
  5. incoordination
  6. ruffled feathers
28
Q

What are signs of severe and chronic deficiencies of vitamin A in chicks?

A

SEVERE = ataxia

CHRONIC = pustules of esophagus MM, uric acid deposits within kidneys (obstruction!)

29
Q

What is characteristic of vitamin A deficiency in adult poultry?

A

squamous metaplasia and hyperkeratinization of secretory/glandular epithelium —> pustules in oropharynx, serous/casous ocular discharge

30
Q

What are 2 major causes of vitamin E deficiency in poultry?

A
  1. feeding rancid diets - cod liver oil, soybean oil
  2. diets grown in selenium-deficient soil (Colorado)
31
Q

What 4 clinical signs are associated with vitamin E deficiency?

A
  1. encephalomalacia - 2-3 weeks old (crazy chick disease) - ataxia, flexed toes/legs, torticollis, red necrotic lesions in cerebellum
  2. exudative diathesis - edema accumulates over breast area
  3. muscular dystrophy - degeneration of muscle fibers (white muscle disease)
  4. decreased reproductive success
32
Q

When is vitamin K deficiency observed in poultry? What signs are associated?

A

not until 3 weeks of age

prolonged coagulation times –> hemorrhage under the skin and in liver, erosion of ventriculus lining

33
Q

What is indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency? How can it be prevented?

A

decreased hatchability - embryo mortality peaks at 18 days, edematous, hemorrhagic, chondrodystrophy

use feedstuffs from animal origin or add cobalamin supplement

34
Q

Which poultry are most severely affected by niacin deficiency? What signs are seen?

A

turkeys, ducks, pheasants, goslings

severe bowing of legs and enlargement of hock joint

35
Q

What signs are seen with chicks and hens with niacin deficiencies?

A

tongue, oral cavity, and esophagus inflammation –> black tongue

weight loss, decreased egg production and hatchability

36
Q

What are 7 clinical signs associated with pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) deficiencies?

A
  1. stunted growth and ruffled feathers
  2. ocular exudates cause eyelids to stick together
  3. scabs around the beak and bottom of feet
  4. depigmentation of feathers
  5. feather loss on head and neck
  6. myelin degeneration of spinal cord
  7. decreased hatchability in layers
37
Q

Which vitamin is most likely to be deficient in commercial chicken feed? What does this affect? What 6 signs are seen in chicks?

A

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) –> epithelium and myelin sheath of brachial and sciatic nerves

  1. stunted growth with appropriate appetite
  2. emaciated, weak
  3. diarrhea
  4. reluctant to move
  5. leg muscle atrophy
  6. dry skin
38
Q

What tissues does a folic acid deficiency affect? What signs are seen in adult poultry and chicks?

A

tissues with rapid turnover - GIT, epidermis, BM

macrocytic anemia and leukopenia –> comb becomes a white waxy color + pale MM / embryos with deformed beaks and tibiotarsal bending

stunted growth, poor feathering/pigmentation, chondrodystrophy, increased mortality

39
Q

What is the most common group of poultry affected by folic acid deficiencies?

A

poults –> cervical paralysis

40
Q

What unique sign is indicative of biotin deficiencies in chicks/poults? Adults?

A

feet, eyelid, and beak dermatitis +/- broken flight feathers, leg bone bending, fatty liver and kidney syndrome (death)

decreased hatchability –> chondrodystrophy, syndactyly, micromelia in embryos

41
Q

What is the most common sign of thiamin deficiency in chickens?

A

opisthotonus

  • rare!

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

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