Powders and Granules Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
A ________ is defined as a dosage form composed of a solid or mixture of solids reduced to a finely divided state and intended for internal or external use.
A
powder
2
Q
True or False
As synthetic drugs were introduced, powders were used to administer insoluble drugs such as calomel, bismuth salts, mercury, and chalk
A
True
3
Q
For internal use, powders can be taken orally, administered through the nose as _____,
or blown into a body cavity as an ________
A
snuffs
insufflation
4
Q
True or false
Unlike a standardized capsule or tablet, powders enable a primary care provider to easily alter the quantity of medication for
each dose.
A
True
5
Q
Powders provide a ________ because they are readily dispersed,
have a large surface area, and usually require
only dissolution, not disintegration, before
absorption.
A
rapid onset of action
6
Q
True or False
Although the use of medicated powders per
se in therapeutics is limited, the use of powdered substances in the preparation of other
dosage forms is extensive
A
True
7
Q
are prepared agglomerates of powdered materials
A
Granules
8
Q
powders have a uniform,
small particle size that has an elegant appearance. In general, powders are more stable
than are _________ and are rapidly soluble, enabling the drug to be absorbed
quickly.
A
liquid dosage forms
9
Q
True or False
powder dosage forms have a large surface area that is exposed to atmospheric conditions
A
True
10
Q
Powders should be dispensed in ______
A
tight containers
11
Q
An increase in surface free energy can increase the absolute solubility of the drug and have a positive effect
on its bioequivalence.
A
True
12
Q
True or False
Topical powders should have a uniform, small particle size that will not irritate the skin when applied. They should be impalpable and free flowing, should easily adhere to the skin, and should be passed through at least a No. 100-mesh sieve to minimize skin irritation.
A
True
13
Q
Highly sorptive powders should not be used for topical powders that are to be applied to oozing wounds, as a _______ may form
A
hard crust
14
Q
_______, or any other naturally derived product that is to be used on open wounds,
should first be sterilized to avoid an infection
in the area.
A
Talc
15
Q
Topical powders usually consist of a base or vehicle, such as________; an adherent, such as______________; and possibly an active ingredient, along with an aromatic material.
A
cornstarch or talc
magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, or zinc stearate
16
Q
are finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in a body cavity, such as the ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket, or throat
A
Insufflated powders
17
Q
a moisture-activated adherent, such as _____, can be incorporated into the insufflated powder
A
Polyox
18
Q
is an ethylene oxide polymer with a high molecular weight that forms a viscous, mucoadhesive gel when in contact with moisture
A
Polyox
19
Q
The particles of pharmaceutical powders and granules may range from being extremely coarse, about ________, to extremely fine, approaching colloidal dimensions of _____
A
10 mm (1 cm) in diameter
1 μm or less
20
Q
In order to characterize
the particle size of a given powder, the _________ uses these descriptive terms: very coarse, coarse, moderately
coarse, fine, and very fine, which are related to the proportion of powder that is capable
A
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
21
Q
Made of wire cloth woven from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire
A
Sieves
22
Q
________: All particles pass
through a No. 8 sieve, and not more than 20% pass through a No. 60 sieve.
A
Very coarse (No. 8)
23
Q
_________: All particles pass through a No. 20 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a No. 60 sieve.
A
Coarse (No. 20)
24
Q
__________: All particles pass through a No. 40 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a No. 80 sieve.
A
Moderately coarse (No. 40)
25
_______ : All particles pass through a No. 60 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a No. 100 sieve.
Fine (No. 60)
26
_________ : All particles pass through a No. 80 sieve. There is no limit to greater fineness
Very fine (No. 80)
27
Granules typically fall within the range of ____ to _____ sieve size, although granulations of powders prepared in the 12- to 20-sieve range are sometimes used in ____________
tablet making
28
Dissolution rate of particles intended to dissolve; __________ can increase the rate of drug dissolution and its
bioavailability.
drug micronization
29
Suspendability of particles intended to remain undissolved but uniform dispersed in a _______ (e.g., fine dispersions have particles ~0.5 to 10 μm)
liquid vehicle
30
Uniform distribution of a drug substance in a powder mixture or solid dosage form to ensure _______ uniformity (3)
dose-to-dose content
31
Penetrability of particles intended to be inhaled for deposition deep in the _______ (e.g., 1 to 5 μm) (4)
respiratory tract
32
_______ of solid particles in dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic
preparations (e.g., fine powders may be 50
to 100 μm in size)
Lack of grittiness
33
is the study of a number of characteristics, including particle size and size
distribution, shape, angle of repose, porosity, true volume, bulk volume, apparent density, and bulkiness.
Micromeritics
34
a _______ is any unit of matter having defined
physical dimensions.
particle
35
True or False
It is important to study particles because most drug dosage forms are
solids, solids are not static systems, the physical state of particles can be altered by physical
manipulation, and particle characteristics can alter therapeutic effectiveness
True
36
The _______ method can include not fewer than 200 particles in a single plane using
a calibrated ocular on a microscope.
microscopic
37
______, in which particles are passed by
mechanical shaking through a series of
sieves of known and successively smaller
size and the proportion of powder passing
through or being withheld on each sieve is
determined (range about 40 to 9,500 μm,
depending upon sieve sizes)
Sieving
38
_________, in which sample particles are
sized through the use of a calibrated grid
background or other measuring device
(range 0.2 to 100 μm)
Microscopy
39
_________, in which particle size
is determined by measuring the terminal
settling velocity of particles through a liq-
uid medium in a gravitational or centrifu-
gal environment (range 0.8 to 300 μm).
Sedimentation rate may be calculated
from Stokes law.
Sedimentation rate
40
____________,
in which particle size is determined by the
reduction in light reaching the sensor as
the particle, dispersed in a liquid or gas,
passes through the sensing zone (range
0.2 to 500 μm) (4). Laser scattering utilizes
a ___________, silicon photo diode detec-
tors, and an ultrasonic probe for particle
dispersion (range 0.02 to 2,000 μm)
Light energy diffraction or light scattering
He–Ne laser
41
__________, in which a pulsed laser is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and is photographed in three dimensions with a holographic camera, allowing the particles to be individually imaged and sized (range 1.4 to 100 μm)
Laser holography
42
____________, which is based on the
principle that a particle driven by an air-
stream will hit a surface in its path, pro-
vided its inertia is sufficient to overcome
the drag force that tends to keep it in the
airstream (7). Particles are separated into
various size ranges by successively in-
creasing the velocity of the airstream in
which they are carried
Cascade impaction
43
True or False
A reduction in particle size increases the number of particles and the total surface area.
True
44
reduction of the particle size of a solid substance to a finer state
Comminution
45
used to facilitate crude drug extraction, increase the dissolution rates of a drug, aid in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms, and enhance the absorption of drugs.
Comminution
46
True or False
The reduction in the particle size of a solid is accompanied by a great increase in the specific surface area of that substance.
True
47
On a small scale, the pharmacist reduces the size of chemical substances by grinding with ________ and ______
a mortar and pestle
48
Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size is termed _______
trituration or comminution
49
On a large scale, various types of ______ and _______ may be used to reduce particle size.
Mills and pulverizers
50
_________ is commonly used in small-scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added powders.
Levigation
51
A _________ is
formed by combining the powder and a
small amount of liquid (the levigating agent)
in which the powder is insoluble.
paste
52
are commonly used levigating agents
Mineral Oil and glycerin
53
True or False
When two or more powdered substances
are to be combined to form a uniform mix-
ture, it is best to reduce the particle size of
each powder individually before weighing
and blending
True
54
____________ is blending small amounts of powders by movement of a spatula through
them on a sheet of paper or an ointment tile
Spatulation
55
Very little compression or compacting of the powder results from spatulation, which is especially suited to mixing solid substances that form _______ (or liquefy) when in close and prolonged contact with one another
eutectic mixtures
56
When a small amount of a potent substance is to be mixed with a large amount
of diluent, the ____________ is
used to ensure the uniform distribution of the
potent drug.
geometric dilution method
57
This method is especially indi-
cated when the potent substance and other
ingredients are the same color and a visible
sign of mixing is lacking.
Geometric Dilution
58
By this method, the
potent drug is placed with an approximately
equal volume of the diluent in a mortar and
is mixed thoroughly by trituration. Then, a
second portion of diluent equal in volume
to the mixture is added and the trituration
repeated
Geometric dilution
59
results in a light,
fluffy product. This process is not acceptable
for the incorporation of potent drugs into a
diluent powder.
Sifting
60
Special small-scale and large-scale motorized
powder blenders mix powders by tumbling
them. Mixing by this process
is thorough but time consuming. Such blend-
ers are widely employed in industry, as are
mixers that use motorized blades to blend
powders in a large vessel.
Tumbling they powder in a rotating chamber
61
- is an undesirable separation
of the different components of the blend.
- may occur by sifting or percolation, air entrapment (fluidization), and particle
entrapment (dusting).
Segregation
62
Fine particles tend to sift or percolate through coarse particles and
end up at the bottom of the container and
actually “lift” the larger particles to the surface.
Segregation
63
General guidelines to minimize or prevent segregation include (a) minimum number of transfer steps and drop heights;
(b) control of dust generation;
(c) control of fluidization of the powder;
(d) slow fill/transfer rate;
(e) appropriate venting;
f ) use of a deflector, vane, or distributor; and
(g) proper hopper
design and operating valves (if present).
True
64
To keep the powders dry, one can mix them with a bulky
powder adsorbent such as light magnesium oxide or magnesium carbonate.
Eutectics
65
Also, these
powders should be triturated very lightly
on a pill tile by using a spatula for mixing
rather than a mortar and pestle.
Eutectics
66
Another approach is to first make the ________ and then adsorb the paste or liquid that results onto a bulky powder. One also has the option of dispensing the ingredients separately. After preparation, the charts can be
dispensed in a plastic bag.
eutectic
67
____________ powders will absorb moisture from the air.
_________ powders will
absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they will partially or wholly liquefy
Hygroscopic
Deliquescent
68
The best approach is to dispense the ingre-
dients in tight containers and incorporate a
desiccant packet or capsule when necessary.
Hygroscopic and Deliquescent powders
69
An _______ powder is a crystalline powder that contains water of hydration
or crystallization
efflorescent
70
This water can be liberated
either during manipulations or on exposure to a low-humidity environment. What kind of powder?
Efflorescent
71
One approach is to use an anhydrous salt form of the drug, keeping in mind the potency differential between its anhydrous form and its hydrated form.
Another method is to include a drying bulky powder and to use a light, noncompacting method of mixing the powders.
Efflorescent powders
72
Some combinations of powders may react violently when mixed together. Special precautions must be taken if it is necessary to prepare a formulation containing these mixtures.
Explosive Mixtures
73
This method may
be especially suitable for high-potency drugs
or flavoring agents because it minimizes the
possibility that clumps of active drug will
develop in the powder blend.
Incorporation of Liquids
74
A liquid that is to be incorporated into a dry
powder can be adsorbed onto an inert mate-
rial (carrier) such as lactose or starch and
then geometrically introduced into the bulk of the powder
Incorporation of Liquid
75
A primary disadvantage of the use of oral powders is the _____________ of the drug.
Undesirable taste
76
- for external use are dusted on the affected area from a sifter type container or applied from a powder aerosol. Powders intended for external use should bear a label marked external use only or a similar label.
- for oral use may be intended for local effects (e.g., laxatives) or systemic effects (e.g., analgesics) and may be preferred to counterpart tablets and capsules by patients who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms.
Medicated powders
77
A ______ is a device used to administer an inhalation powder in a finely divided state suitable for oral inhalation by the patient.
DPI
78
is one used with a device that aerosolizes and delivers an accurately metered amount
Inhalation powder
79
Inhalation powders, commonly known as dry DPIs, consist of a mixture of _______ and typically
the carrier; and all formulation components exist in a finely divided solid state packaged in
a suitable container closure system
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
80
- have an internal reservoir that contains a sufficient quantity of formulation for multiple doses that are metered by the device during actuation by
the patient.
Device-metered DPIs
81
- contain a previously measured amount of formulation in individual units (e.g., capsules, blisters) that are inserted into the device before use.
- may also contain premetered
dose units as ordered multidose assemblies in the delivery system
- include a mechanism designed to pierce the capsule or open the unit-dose container and allow mobilization and aerosolization of the powder by the patient inhaling through the integral
mouthpiece.
Premetered DPIs
82
Medicated powders may be provided to the patient in bulk or may be divided into unit-of-use packages. Some powders are packaged by manufacturers, whereas others are
prepared and packaged by the pharmacist.
Bulk and Divided Powders
83
Bulk powders available in pre-packaged amounts
(e.g., Massengill powder), dissolved in warm water by the patient for vaginal use
douche powders
84
bulk powders available in pre-
packaged amounts:
____________ (e.g.,
sodium bicarbonate) and __________ (e.g.,
psyllium [Metamucil]), which the patient
takes by mixing with water or another beverages before swallowing;
Antacids
Laxatives
85
Bulk powders available in pre-packaged amounts
________ containing B-complex vita-
mins and other nutritional supplements
brewer's yeast powder
86
After a powder has been properly blended
(using the geometric dilution method for
potent substances), it may be divided into
individual dosing units based on the amount
to be taken or used at a single time.
True
87
Latin word for Powder paper
Chartula
88
a
transparent waterproof paper
Waxed paper
89
a thin, semiopaque paper
with limited moisture resistance
Vegetable parchment
90
a glazed, transparent paper, also with limited
moisture resistance
Glassine
91
a dosage form com-
posed of dry aggregates of powder particles
that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients
Granules
92
frequently
compacted into tablets or filled into capsules,
with or without additional ingredients
Granules
93
pre-
pared agglomerates of smaller particles of
powder
Granules
94
Granules are prepared by _____ method and _____ methods
Wet methods and dry methods
95
Another type of wet method is
_________, in which particles are
placed in a conical piece of equipment and
are vigorously dispersed and suspended
while a liquid excipient is sprayed on the
particles and the product dried, forming
granules or pellets of defined particle size
fluid bed processing
96
A __________, also called a roll press or roller compactor, processes a fine powder into dense sheets or forms by forcing it through two mechanically rotating metal rolls running counter to each other
Roll compactor
97
An alternative dry method, termed ________, is the compression of a powder or powder mixture into large tablets or slugs on a compressing machine under 8,000 to 12,000 lb of pressure, depending on the physical characteristics of the powder
slugging
98
An ____________, frequently tablets or granules, contains ingredients that, when in contact with water, rapidly release carbon dioxide
effervescent dosage form
99
are granules or coarse to very coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
Effervescent salts
100
Effervescent Granulated Salts
When tartaric acid is used as
the sole acid, the resulting granules readily lose their firmness and crumble. Citric acid alone results in a sticky mixture difficult to
granulate.
True
101
Effervescent granules are prepared by
two general methods: (a) the _____ or. _______ method and (b) the _____ method.
a) dry of fusion method
b) the wet method
102
In the fusion method, the one molecule of
water present in each molecule of citric acid
acts as the binding agent for the powder mixture
True
103
Dry and Fusion Method
A No. 4 sieve produces large granules
A No. 8 sieveprepares medium size granules,
A No. 10 sieve prepares small granules. The granules are dried at a temperature not exceeding 54°C and are immediately placed in containers and tightly sealed.
True
104
Difference between dry and fusion method, and wet method?
The wet method differs from the fusion
method in that the source of binding agent
is not the water of crystallization from the
citric acid but the water added to alcohol as the moistening agent, forming the pliable
mass for granulation.
105
Quality Control:
The pharmacist should compare the final
weight of the preparation with the theoretical
weight. The powder should be examined for
uniformity of color, particle size, flowability,
and freedom from caking.
Bulk Powders
106
Quality Control:
For divided powders, the pharmacist should
individually weigh the divided papers and
then compare that weight with the theoreti-
cal weight. The packets should be checked to
confirm uniformity.
Divided powers
107
Quality Control:
Reconstituted suspensions should be thor-
oughly mixed or shaken before use to resus-
pend the dispersed particulates. This is
especially true of suspension preparations
dosed from multiple-dose containers. For
particularly viscous suspensions prone to
air entrapment, instructions may advise the
user how to shake the preparation to resus-
pend settled particles while minimizing air
entrapment.
Patient Counseling
108
Quality Control:
- The powder mixture is packaged according
to its use.
-Specific instructions for reconstitution pro-
vided by the manufacturer should be carefully followed.
Packaging/Dispensing
