Power and The People

Question 1

Why did the barons hate King John?

Answer 1

Scutage (high taxes) - to pay for wars, also kept losing wars
Poor war leader - Lost important land in France, nicknamed ‘softsword’
Argued with the Pope, so Pope banned church services, made people fear they’d go to hell

Question 2

What are the events of the Magna Carta?

Answer 2

Met at Runneymede 1215
Signed barons’ demands (63 promises they want King John to keep) - agreed to stop unfair taxation, ensure baron inherited his land, prevent arrest without trial, create group of 25 barons to monitor king

Question 3

What is the short term significance of the Magna Carta?

Answer 3

First time a king had been forced to agree legal limits on his power, putting barons in more powerful position
Made King subject to law and consent given before taxes imposed
Reinforced right to free and fair trial
Only barons involved in dispute and John never intended to keep Magna Carta - temporary agreement while rebuilding forces

Question 4

What is the long term significance of the Magna Carta?

Answer 4

Referred back to when people defend their rights against government/ assert rights to free and fair trial
Idea grew that Kings subject to law too
Symbolic, and seen as powerful icon for freedom - influenced US Constitution of 1787.

Question 5

What were the issues between King Henry III and the barons?

Answer 5

Close ties with French, due to marriage - alarmed barons as English severely disliked french
Alarm increased once allowed french men into parliament - felt England coming under foreign rule
Angered with schemes e.g. lost two major wars in France - De Montfort becoming spokesperson, refused to fund schemes
Henry now needed support from barons but they did not support increased taxes

Question 6

Who is Simon De Montfort?

Answer 6

Earl of Leicester from 1239 until death
Worked for king - eventually led rebellion - resulted in Second Baron’s War
Died Battle of Evesham, 1265, fighting against King

Question 7

What was the Great Council in 1258?

Answer 7

Simon De Montfort led barons in calling a Great Council where forced king to agree to Provisions of Oxford. Demanded foreign members of royal household to be banished, castle held by Englishmen, and 15 barons in the Great Council

Question 8

What is significant about the Battle of Lewes, 1264?

Answer 8

Henry refused to sign Provisions of Oxford, so De Montfort led army.
Used military strength instead of negotiating , were victorious
England on its way to becoming republic as de Montfort captured king and imprisoned son.
Without King, de Montfort in charge

Question 9

What did Simon de Montfort do once barons thought he had become too powerful and turned against him?

Answer 9

To gain support, which was lacking from powerful barons, invited burgesses and knights from every county to attend meeting of Great Council. First time commoners were consulted on national matters
(England’s first Parliament)

Question 10

Why did the Barons turn against de Montfort and what then happened?

Answer 10

thought he was ruling as an autocrat, and concerned with own interests
Began to put support behind Henry - Prince Edward (son) released and raised army
Battle of Evesham, 1265 - de Montfort hacked down on battlefield - body pieces sent around England as warning

Question 11

Why was the Parliament of 1265 significant?

Answer 11

First time ordinary people invited to have their say - inclusion of knights and burgesses known as Commons
Showed how de Montfort lost power due to lack of support from barons

Question 12

Explain the significance of Simon de Montfort for the development of a democratic government [8 marks]

Answer 12

Led barons who called Great Council against Henry 1258 - King agreed to Provisions of Oxford - more power to barons and less to king, could not make decisions without approval of council

Expanded political voice during invitation of Commoners to Parliament - increased those involved in government

Longer term:
Legacy for creating parliament
Once Prince Edward became King - instead of demanding money, called many parliaments to raise funds required
1295, Lords invited to attend parliament but commoners elected. Shows significance for democratic government as this element of society never lost in long term.

Question 13

What was the cause of the Peasants Revolt?

Answer 13

Black Death of 1348 killed 1/3 of people in England, creating shortage of labour
- surviving peasants could chose who they worked for and for what price - Angered lords
- Edward III passed Statute of Labourers in 1351 to try and control the peasants - forced them to work for pre- Black Death wages
- Gov revenue from taxes fell due to decreased population.
- Richard II introduced Poll Tax to raise funds for war with France - everyone pay 1 shilling, 4 pence = 2 weeks wages for labourer

Question 14

What were the events of the Peasants Revolt?

Answer 14

May/June 1381 - villagers in Kent and Essex refused to pay Poll Tax, threatened tax collector and beheaded his clerks
Rebels freed radical priest John Ball from prison (criticised church as thought exploiting peasants)
John Ball + Wat Tyler gathered large group rebels, marched into London, killing Archbishop on way
14th June Richard II met Tyler and rebels at Smithfield
Demanded all peasants made freemen, Richard agreed but rebels went on killing spree
15th June met again, demanded changes to law and for church lands to be given to people
Supporter of Richard killed Wat Tyler
Richard promised to grant rebels request on revolt over

Question 15

What was the short term significance of the Peasants Revolt?

Answer 15

First time commoners rather than nobles rebelled against royal power - scared King and nobles
Rebellion failed, Richard went back on promise, leaders of revolt hanged, John Balls body cut into pieces, head stuck on spike of London Bridge

Question 16

What was the long term significance of the Peasants Revolt?

Answer 16

Poll Tax never repeated, although similar charges, and taxes never as high again
Worker’s wages began to rise as still lack of workers, meant peasants could demand higher wages.
Landowners agreed as needed workers
Parliament stopped trying to control workers wages
Ideas of John Ball were picked up again in later centuries by different groups such as, Levellers of 17th century, and socialists of early 19th century

Question 17

What were the causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536?

Answer 17

People disliked changes made to church - Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold off the land and assets to make himself rich
Monasteries provided education, alms and centre of peoples lives

Many feared pace of religious change - in favour of traditional Catholic faith and also anger that Catherine of Aragon had been divorced and princess Mary declared illegitimate

Henrys religious changes cause political problems - many prominent nobles lost influence. Fell out of favour as they were Catholics. Disliked Cromwell, creator of new religious policies who was son of blacksmith

People protesting due to economic hardship - poor harvest in 1535 and 1536 raised food prices and caused inflation which meant prices went up. At same time Henry raised taxes, so people felt threatened by poverty. Not just about religious disputes - more about taxes and food prices

Question 18

What were the events of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 18

1536, uprising broke out in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire by devout Christians against changes to Church, led by lawyer Robert Aske

Called Pilgrimage of grace to show peaceful intentions

8000 pilgrims captured towns in north

Demanded monasteries restored, Pope recognised s head of church, and dismiss Cromwell and other ministers giving King poor advice

Henry VIII sent Duke of Norfolk, a Catholic, to negotiate, and rebels went home. Believed demands had been granted, such as no more monasteries closed down and a Parliament at York. And all rebels be pardoned

1537, revolt broke out again and rebels attacked castles in north. Henry used as excuse to take back pardon and concessions, decided to crush north, executing 216 people, including 38 monks. Robert Aske hanged in chains in York in July 1537

Question 19

What was the significance of the Pilgrimage of grace?

Answer 19

Had been serious threat to Henry VIII’s rule, as most levels of society were involved - lords, knights, gentry and commoners. For a time, 50,000 armed men in north England involved

Was total failure - rebels accelerated changes they had tried to stop

No more religious rebellions took place in England during Henry VIII’s reign - Henry had control of country and ended power of Catholic Church in England - position stronger

Henry dissolved rest of monasteries in 1539

Question 20

Why were people unhappy about Henrys changes?

Answer 20

Rising prices: continued to rise under Henry
Changed to religion: many disliked changes - wanted monasteries back and Pope as head of Church
Landowners lost influence: landowners who were advisors to King lost favour after divorce. Had been supporters of Catherine and felt pushed out. Blamed Cromwell
Cromwells power: seen as creator of new religion policies. Son of Blacksmith, not seen as good enough to advise King

Question 21

Why did Henry change the Church?

Answer 21

During reign, saw Pope as competing power and wanted people to listen to him instead of Pope. Also wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon - Pope wouldn’t allow

Dissolving monasteries meant Henry gained a lot more money and no longer had to pay tax to Pope

Question 22

The English Civil War
What happened?

Answer 22

King Charles and Parliament in conflict about where power lay.
Civil War then broke out in 1642
By 1649 Charles was defeated and executed and England was declared a Commonwealth

Question 23

How was England ruled up to 1660?

Answer 23

as a Republic with no monarch, by Oliver Cromwell during most of the period.
After his death, monarchy restored in 1660 with Charles I’s son, Charles II being called out of exile abroad made monarch

Question 24

How did Charles ideas lead to the deterioration of relations between Charles and Parliament and descent to civil war?

Answer 24

Believed in Divine Right of Kings (had right to rule without Parliament as appointed by God)

Question 25

What are the examples of Charles ideas causing conflict between him and Parliament?

Answer 25

Raised taxes without consulting Parliament as was required. Chose a Catholic wife without consulting Parliament. Parliament believed they had a rightful and legitimate role to introduce legislation and agree taxes, and Charles was exceeding his authority

Question 26

How did Charles Religion lead to the deterioration of relations between Charles and Parliament and descent to civil war?

Answer 26

Charles was a High Church Protestant with Catholic learnings Parliament mostly strict Puritan Protestants who were suspicious of Catholicism as a foreign influence

Question 27

What are the examples of Charles religion causing conflict between him and Parliament?

Answer 27

Appointed Archbishop Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury, who had Catholic learnings too and introduced a new prayer book in 1537 which caused uproar amongst the people and parliament and particularly upset the Scots who went to war with England about it.

Question 28

How did Charles Money lead to the deterioration of relations between Charles and Parliament and descent to civil war?

Answer 28

Charles inherited debt and disliked going to parliament to raise revenue through taxation

Question 29

What are the examples of Charles money causing conflict between him and Parliament?

Answer 29

Upset parliament and people by raising taxes such as Ship Money, and making all counties pay the increased tax, when Ship money was only supposed by coastal counties in time of war Some individuals such as John Hampden protested and refused to pay.

Question 30

How did Parliament respond to Charles causing the situation to deteriorate?

Answer 30

in later years, Parliament responded harshly, also causing the situation to deteriorate: 1640: Charles forced to recall Parliament to raise money to fund war against Scots. Parliament presented Charles with list of demands which would reduce his power Charles forced to agree as needed money 1641: new list of demands called Grand Remonstrate presented to him by parliament to further reduce power 1642: Final set of demands called 19 Propositions led Charles to refuse and divided Parliament - most thought King exceeding authority but some more radical than others

Question 31

What was included in the first list of demands given to Charles in 1640?

Answer 31

reversing Archbishop Laud's religious reforms, no taxes without Parliament's agreement

Question 32

What was the second list of demands given to Charles in 1641 called?

Answer 32

Grand Remonstrate

Question 33

What was included in the third list of demands given to Charles in 1642?

Answer 33

Parliament controls army, all ministers approved by parliament Parliament control church and education of King's children

Question 34

What was the Civil War?

Answer 34

August 1642 the 2 sides gathered armies and when Charles raised his standard in Nottingham, war had broken out King's supporters: Royalists or Cavaliers Parliament: Parliamentarians or Roundheads Royalists defeated and by 1649, King on trial for High Treason - acting in his own personal interest against interest of country

Question 35

What factors helped Parliament win and shape attitudes towards future?

Answer 35

New Model Army Levellers at the Putney Debates Diggers

Question 36

What did the New Model Army involve? And how influential was it?

Answer 36

first fully professional many soldiers were veterans of other battles soldiers well paid had an immediate military impact, was decisive factor in winning the war for parliament

Question 37

What did the Levellers at the Putney Debates involve? And how influential was it?

Answer 37

Programme involved abolition of the Church, ending of monopolies and implementation of rule of law - no one should be above justice Army leaders and conservative parliamentarians thought things getting out of hand, Cromwell imposed rule that only property owners could vote

Question 38

What did the Diggers involve? And how influential was it?

Answer 38

Radical group - believed property was theft, and equality could be achieved by communities planting and digging crops together - wanted abolition of private property Planted vegetables on common land near Weybridge, other groups followed by suit in different parts of country

Question 39

What are the key dates for the English Revolution?

Answer 39

1642-1649 - The English Civil War 1649 - The execution of Charles I 1649-1660 - England ruled without a king, first by parliament, then Oliver Cromwell, then by army 1660 - Monarchy restored: Charles II invited to be King by Parliament 1685 - James II became King. Favoured Catholics, so very unpopular with Parliament 1688 - William of Orange, protestant married to James II daughter, invited by Parliament and leading army generals to become King - would rule through parliament (Glorious Revolution)

Question 40

Explain the short term significance of the execution of Charles I

Answer 40

England had no monarch for 11 years, 1649 - 1660 Sudden shift of power from monarchy to Parliament Extremely significant at time as previously, England always had a king However, monarchy reinforced its power in 1660 when Charles II became king and Cromwell ruled increasingly as if he were a king

Question 41

Explain the long term significance of the execution of Charles I

Answer 41

Made the glorious revolution possible: William and Mary forced to sign the Bill of Rights when became King and Queen Ultimately gave Parliament power over monarchy If Charles not executed, may have still been King meaning William and Mary wouldn't have had to replace James

Question 42

What were the consequences of the English Revolution?

Answer 42

Commonwealth set up after Charles' execution - rare for a world dominated by kings By 1650, Cromwell and the conservative army leaders were firmly in control of the country -radical groups like the Diggers and the Levellers were marginalised After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament became ever-more powerful, kings would never be able to do anything without consulting it again

Question 43

What is the short term significance of the English Revolution?

Answer 43

Rebellion divided the nation - royalist and parliamentarians King found guilty of treason and executed on 30th of January 1649. Thus it was a successful overthrow of monarch Charles not replaced by another king. For 11 years country was a republic with no monarch

Question 44

What is the long term significance of the English Revolution?

Answer 44

Although the monarchy was restored, it was still only with the consent of Parliament. The Civil War cemented the House of Commons' independence from the monarchy Civil War inspired certain groups, Levellers, Diggers, that would inspire future movements that called for political and social change

Question 45

What were the short term causes of the American Revolution?

Question 46

What were the long term causes of the American Revolution?

Question 47

Why were colonists dissatisfied with British Rule?

Question 48

How did the British lose Yorktown in 1781?

Question 49

What were the consequences for America following the revolution?

Question 50

What are the key events of the American Revolution?

Question 51

Who were the influential people/groups/events in the American Revolution?

Question 52

What were the consequences of the American Revolution?

Question 53

What was industry like in the 19th century?

Question 54

What was communication like in the 19th century?

Question 55

What were living conditions like in the 19th century?

Question 56

What were the changes to voting in the 19th century?

Question 57

What were pocket boroughs?

Answer 57

controlled by rich individuals who didn't represent everyone

Question 58

What were rotten boroughs?

Answer 58

areas that sent 2 MPs to Parliament but no one lived there

Question 59

What were Potwaller boroughs?

Answer 59

in these areas to prove assets to vote you needed a locked door and fireplace

Question 60

What was the Peterloo Massacare?

Answer 60

1819 60,000 peaceful protesters gathered in Manchester and local militia killed 15 and 600 wounded

Question 61

What were the six acts?

Answer 61

stated any meeting over 50 people for radical reform was an act of treason

Question 62

What were the problems with Britains electoral systems?

Answer 62

Factory owners became very wealthy but still weren't allowed to vote as they weren't noble rotten, pocket and potwaller boroughs no secret ballot - people bribed/sacked women had no vote

Question 63

What was the cause of the Peterloo Massacre?

Answer 63

Henry Hunt inspired crowds with speech and called for reform of parliament

Question 64

What were the events of the Peterloo Massacre?

Answer 64

60,000 gathered in St Peters Fields, Manchester for a peaceful protest. Listened to radicals like Hnery Hunt who inspired crowds within speech of reforming Parliament Local militia killed 15 and wounded 600

Question 65

What was the consequence of the Peterloo Massacre?

Answer 65

government introduced six acts

Question 66

Great Reform Act: How did people try to convince the King to extend the vote through a change in the law?

Answer 66

Thomas Attwood formed Birmingham Political Union in 1829 Attwood and 8000 others sent petition to Parliament - wanted shorter Parliaments, vote for all tax-payers

Question 67

How many times did they try get Reform Act passed?

Answer 67

3 - on 3rd attempt Earl Grey requested Whig Lords, meant tories would lose power

Question 68

Who benefited from the Great Reform Act?

Answer 68

middle class - merchants and industrialists gained representation middle class joined electorate - had influence and could bring change Rotten boroughs were removed, new towns got MP's Long-term working class- proved change could happen

Question 69

Who didn't benefit from the Great Reform Act?

Answer 69

working class - short-term - not been given vote as only earned £50 a year no secret ballot till 1872 - who could vote forced to vote - 1/7 men could vote

Question 70

What was wrong with the system before 1832?

Answer 70

Franchise restricted: women couldn't vote, men of certain properties could vote, new factory owners didn't have vote, 1830 - 2.7% pop could vote Constituencies not equal: some elected 2 MPs while others elected 1, size of constituencies varied, Rotten Boroughs = 56 constituencies and less than 40 voters Corruption: Pocket Boroughs = some small constituencies effectively controlled by local landowner as electorate made up of their tenants, Votes cast openly - intimidation and bribery common Other problems: MPs not paid, only rich were MPs General elections only needed to be held every 7 years Unelected House of Lords had nearly as much power as House of Commons

Question 71

What were the economic causes of the Great Reform Act?

Answer 71

To pay for Napoleonic War, income tax had been introduced The Corn Laws 1815 put a tariff on foreign corn increasing the cost of living

Question 72

What were the Protest causes of the Great Reform Act?

Answer 72

Swing Riots 1830s - A number of farm labourers riots broke out in protest against irregular employment and low wages

Question 73

What were the Role of the Individual causes of the Great Reform Act?

Answer 73

Thomas Attwood - helped organise Birmingham Political Union- organised petition for reform with 8,000 signatures Earl Grey - in 1830, 'Whigs' replaced 'Tories' in government. Although a moderate, Grey more receptive to reform King William IV - in 1830 William comes to the throne and is more receptive to reform. When a Reform Bill passes the Commons 3 times and is rejected in the Lords each time the King acts by threatening to create more pro-Reform (Whig) peers to the Lords

Question 74

What were the advances following the Great Reform Act?

Answer 74

Better Constituencies: 58 English boroughs including most notorious rotten boroughs such as Old Sarum were disenfranchised altogether while another 30 lost 1 MP Increase in electorate: The number who could vote increased by nearly double (before 1832 the electorate was estimated 478,000 and afterwards 813,000) Reduce in dominance of aristocracy: More middle class men became MPs especially for new urban and industrial constituencies - could now pressure for policies (e.g. repeal pf Corn Law in 1846)

Question 75

What were the continuity's following the Great Reform Act?

Answer 75

Constituencies still varied greatly: Some with small population and electorate still remained (there were still 35 boroughs with less than 30 voters) Increase in electorate not enough: Only 813,000 men could vote out of population of 24 million. this meant only 1/7 men in UK could vote. Only small number of middle classes gained vote Landowners still dominated: dominant group in Parliament remained landed aristocracy (in 1841 it is calculated that 71% of MPs had a landed interest and just 22% were engaged in business) Other faults: No secret ballot, still corruption in elections, MPs still not paid, House of Lords still as powerful as House of Commons, women still ignored

Question 76

What was the long term significance of the great Reform Act?

Answer 76

first reform act and others went to follow to improve democracy in political system: Second Reform Act 1867 (some urban working class) (Ballot Act 1872 - secret ballot) Third Reform Act 1884 (more working class men) Fourth Reform Act 1918 ( all men over 21 and women over 30 who owned land) Fifth Reform Act 1928 (all men and women over 21) Representation of people act 1969 (lowered voting to 18)

Question 77

What was the short term significance of the Great Reform Act?

Answer 77

some improvement in constituencies and electorate middle class added to electorate - repeal of Corn Laws majority could not vote and no secret ballot this disappointment saw radical Chartist movement develop after 1832

Question 78

Chartists

Question 79

Three pressure groups

Question 80

Anti-corn law league

Question 81

anti-slavery movement

Question 82

significance of pressure groups

Question 83

Workers in 29th century

Question 84

What were the causes of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

Answer 84

Agricultural depression Employees trying to get more pay

Question 85

What were the events of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

Answer 85

1834, 6 agricultural workers formed union in protest against employers cutting wages Prosecuted for taking an oath of allegiance sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia for hard labour 21 April 1834, estimated 200,000 people met at Copenhagen Fields in London - marched to Parliament carrying petition with 800,000 names demanding release of Tolpuddle men 1837 - free pardon

Question 86

What were the consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

Answer 86

shows lacked understanding on how to adapt to industrialisation Referenced in Chartist meetings Inspired e.g. Chartist Movement

Question 87

Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs significant in the short term?

Answer 87

showed government was really worried about TU's was a popular protest by ordinary people that led to gov reversing decision - 200,000 met in London and marched to Parliament. families supported financially by TU's for the 3 years it took gov to reverse decision this showed benefit of joining TU's

Question 88

Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs significant in the longer term?

Answer 88

inspired other groups, such as Chartists, who like protesters, used petitions Tolpuddle Martyrs still remembered today - museum in their village and annual festival in which they continue to celebrate the power of working people bonding together

Question 89

Dochers strike

Question 90

General strike

Question 91

Miners strike

Question 92

Workers movements and rights in c19th and c20th

Question 93

significance of suffragettes

Question 94

significance dagenham workers

Question 95

Match girls strike

Question 96

Experience of ethnic minorities in Britain

Question 97

What were the causes of the Brixton Riots?

Answer 97

Disintegrating relations between black community and police caused riots in brixton discrimination due to 'sus' law lead to racial profiling as believed people were being stopped for colour of their skin Operation Swamp 81 - Brixton filled with plain-clothes police officers from other districts, using 'sus' law as a way to prevent street crime more than 1000 people stopped in 6 days further increasing tensions - young black men felt attacked in own community arrest of young black man 1981 started riots, where for 3 days, young black people fought police

Question 98

What was the short term significance of the Brixton Riots?

Answer 98

Scarman report - institutional racism did not exist in Met police Service Report suggested making racially prejudice behaviour an offence Report ended in 'sus' law and create Police Complaints Authority Improved relations between police and black community

Question 99

What was the long term significance of the Brixton Riots?

Answer 99

1939 Stephen Lawrence, young black man murdered in London. Racially motivated attack Investigation showed Met Police not responded appropriately due to institutional racism Scarman report later looked at and found institutional racism did exist in Met Police

Question 100

How was religion a factor causing protest in Britain since medieval times?

Answer 100

Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 - In response to Henry VIII religious reforms, but in particular the Dissolution of the Monasteries. They wanted a return to old ways of religion. Title itself implies was a religious protest, as well as the Five Wounds of Christ banners they carried English Revolution 1642 - Scots and Puritans in Parliament objected to Charles I's desire for religious conformity and the introduction of the New Prayer Book in 1637. Charles I was accused of being a Catholic.

Question 101

How was the economy a factor causing protest in Britain since medieval times?

Answer 101

Peasants Revolt 1381 - third Poll Tax, levied by Richard II, led to widespread protest. Tax demanded two week's wages for a labourer, and was much more than previous Poll Taxes Richard has already levied. Other groups in society involved too American Revolution 1776 - Americans opposed Stamp Act 1763 which imposed taxes on them. They also objected to the mercantile system which increased customs duties and costs for Americans

Question 102

How were ideas/ political demands a factor causing protest in Britain since medieval times?

Answer 102

Suffragettes used idea of votes for women to justify their protest. Main aim of NUWSS and WSPU was women's suffrage. Militant tactics used by suffragettes such as Emily Davison. Sacrificed life in June 1913 by jumping in front of King's horse at Epsom Derby. Political statement attracted attention. Militant tactics also by womens social and political union and helped to gain vote, tactics included setting fire to letterbox and chaining themselves to railings Idea of extending the franchise - peoples charter 1838 demanded vote for all men over 21, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, no property qualification for MPs, payment for MPs and annual parliaments Was in response to Great Reform Act which did little to extend franchise

Question 103

How was the role of the government a factor causing protest in Britain since medieval times?

Question 104

How was the role of the individual a factor causing protest in Britain since medieval times?

Question 105

Has war and violence been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?

Question 106

Have strikes and demonstrations been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?

Question 107

Has campaigning been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?

Question 108

Have pressure groups been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?

Question 109

Have legal challenges been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?

Question 110

Have individuals been the main way in which royal authority and government has been challenged in Britain since medieval times?