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Foodborne Pathogens > Powerpoint 1 : Food is an ecosystem > Flashcards

Powerpoint 1 : Food is an ecosystem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the carbon source for autotrophic organisms?

A

C from CO2 through carbon fixation

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2
Q

What is the carbon source for heterotrophic organisms?

A

C from organic compounds

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3
Q

What is the energy source for chemotrophic organisms?

A

External chemical compound

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4
Q

What is the energy source for phototrophic organisms?

A

Energy is obtained from light

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5
Q

What is the source of electrons for lithotrophic organisms?

A

Reducing equivalents that come from inorganic compounds

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6
Q

What is the source of electrons for organotrophic organisms?

A

Reducing equivalents that come from organic compounds

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7
Q

What is the TEA for aerobic organisms?

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

What is the TEA for fermentative organisms?

A

Organic Carbon

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9
Q

Why is succinate fermentation and oxalate fermentation unusual?

A

Very low energy yielding

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10
Q

What do denitrification organisms use as TEA ?

A

Nitrate

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11
Q

Which is ultimately the best TEA

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

Sulphate, ferrric iron, manganic ion, and arsenate are possible _?

A

TEA

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13
Q

What reaction converts monomers into macromolecules and other cellular constituents and consumes energy while doing so?
- construct molecules from smaller units

A

Anabolism

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14
Q

What reaction converts substrates into products and yields energy in the process?
- breaks down molecules into smaller units

A

Catabolism

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15
Q

Lactic Acid Bacteria: produce relatively large quantities of lactic acid from _?

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

Why can proteolytic bacteria hydrolyze proteins in food?

A

They produce extracellular proteinase

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17
Q

Clostridium Botulinum is an example of what?

A

proteolytic bacteria

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18
Q

Cyanobacteria is an example of organisms that uses what type of carbon source?

A

C from CO2 fixation (autotrophic)

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19
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes uses what source of carbon for anabolism?

A

C from organic compounds (heterotrophic)

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20
Q

Why do Lypolytic Bacteria hydrolyze triglycerides?

A

They produce extracellular lipases

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21
Q

Thermophilic bacteria are able to grow at _ degrees and above.

A

50°C

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22
Q

What bacteria can survive pasteurization temperatures?

A

Thermoduric Bacteria

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23
Q

What is unique to psychrotrophic bacteria?

Study These Flashcards
A

Able to grow at refrigerated temperatures (<5 °C)

24
Q

Who are able to grow at freezer temperatures? (<0)

Study These Flashcards
A

Cryophilic Bacteria

25
Who are able to survive high salt concentrations? (>10%)
Halophilic Bacteria
26
Who are able to survive low pH?
Aciduric Bacteria
27
Who are able to grow in higher osmotic environments?
Osmophilic Bacteria
28
Clostridium is an example of what type of bacteria?
Spore-forming
29
What is used as an index for sanitation?
Coliforms
30
What is used as an index for sanitation and its presence indicates fecal contamination?
Fecal coliforms
31
What type of bacteria can cause gastrointestinal infections?
Enteric Pathogens
32
Relative abundance of a specific type of microorganism will depend on what?
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors
33
ph, water activity, and nutrients are ?
intrinsic factors
34
temperature, and a gaseous atmosphere are ?
extrinsic factors
35
Following slaughter, bacteria can be found coming from where?
skin, GI tract, hair, feathers, slaughter house
36
Carcasses immediately after slaughter contain X cells per square inch, which can contain pathogens
10^1-3
37
Salmonella is typically found in which animal?
GI of birds
38
Why are psychrotrophic bacteria the main issue for meat?
Because it is stored
39
Listeria is often found in what food?
Meat
40
How many cells per gram can meat have?
10^4-5 cells/g
41
Heat processed meats can be stored anaerobically and as a consequence which organisms dominate?
Psychrotrophic Facultative Anaerobes
42
Heat processing kills most bacteria, reducing the microbial level to what number?
10^1-2 cells / g
43
Cows have how many cells per mL?
less than 10^3 except cows with mastitis can have a lot more
44
Before pasteurization, what type of organisms can grow in milk?
Psychrotrophs because the milk is refrigerated
45
What type of organisms are found in milk after pasteurization?
Thermodurics that survived and bacteria that entered following treatment.
46
Who are responsible for spoilage in non-temperature abused milk?
Psychrotrophs
47
Fish are high in what and low in what macronutrient?
Rich in protein and low in fat and carbohydrates
48
Vibrio cholerae is a pathogen that can be found in what animal in what environment?
Fish harvested from water polluted with human waste
49
Why can microorganisms grow rapidly in fish?
- high water availability - pH of the tissue - availability of N and C
50
What is the pH of vegetables and fruit?
vegetables: 5-7 fruit: 4.5 or below
51
How many cells do vegetables contain per gram? Fruits?
10^4-7 (vegetables) and 10^3-4 (fruits)
52
What food source is good for the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds ?
Fruits and vegetables
53
What foods are in hermetically sealed containers and have been given heat treatment to obtain commercial sterility?
Canned foods
54
What is an important factor in canned foods?
pH
55
What should the pH be lower than so that pathogenic mesophiles cannot germinate and produce illness causing toxins?
pH < 4.6
56
Pathogenic mesophile organisms can be an issue if pH is above 4.5 and cans are temperature abused (stored over 40°C). In this case what organisms can germinate and cause spoilage?
Thermophilic Spores
57
What organisms produces toxins that can survive the canning process (although the organism itself cannot)?
Staphyloccocus

Foodborne Pathogens (11 decks)

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