Powerpoint

Question 1

What does ‘A’ in ABCD’s stand for?

Answer 1

Asymmetry: Benign tumors tend to be symmetric, while malignant lesions tend to be asymmetric.

Question 2

What does ‘B’ in ABCD’s refer to?

Answer 2

Border: Benign moles or lesions tend to have clearly defined and smooth borders, whereas malignant lesions tend to be notched and have uneven borders.

Question 3

What does ‘C’ in ABCD’s indicate?

Answer 3

Color: Benign moles tend to be a uniform color, while malignant moles/lesions can contain different colors or can change colors over time.

Question 4

What does ‘D’ in ABCD’s represent?

Answer 4

Diameter: Most benign lesions are less than 6mm in diameter, while malignant lesions are usually greater than 6mm.

Question 5

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)?

Answer 5

A slow-growing form of skin cancer that does not tend to metastasize and arises from the stem cells of the stratum basale. It is the most prevalent cancer in humans and, if left untreated, can cause extensive damage.

Question 6

What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer 6

A faster-growing cancer than the basal cell type with a higher propensity for metastasis, arising from the more mature keratinocytes of the upper layers of the epidermis.

Question 7

Where can Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) arise?

Answer 7

This type of nonmelanoma skin cancer can arise anywhere on the body but is especially common on sun-exposed areas, such as the head, neck, face, arms, and hands.

Question 8

What percentage of skin cancer cases are basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?

Answer 8

80% basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

Question 9

What percentage of skin cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer 9

20% squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Question 10

How many deaths occur annually due to skin cancer?

Answer 10

1000 to 2000 deaths annually

Question 11

What are the main etiological factors for skin cancer?

Answer 11

Sun exposure, Radiation, Ultraviolet B (UVB), Chemical agents, Artificially produced ultraviolet A (UVA), Viruses, Genetics

Question 12

Which virus is associated with skin cancer?

Answer 12

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 13

What factors related to hair and skin can influence skin cancer risk?

Answer 13

Hair color, Chronic irritations, Complexion, Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 14

What are the methods for detection and diagnosis?

Answer 14

Screening, clinical examination, and self-examination.

Question 15

What should be inspected during a self-examination?

Answer 15

Inspect face, check hands including nails, examine under breasts (for women), use two mirrors to inspect back, and check legs and feet.

Question 16

What are the treatment options available for skin cancer?

Answer 16

Surgery, Laser surgery, Curettage and electrodesiccation, Mohs’ microscopic surgery, Chemotherapy, Cryosurgery, Topical, Systemic

Question 17

What is typically performed by a dermatologist?

Answer 17

Scraping and burning

Question 18

What is a topical treatment example?

Answer 18

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

Used for skin cancers

Question 19

What temperature is used in cryosurgery?

Answer 19

-50° C

Question 20

When is systemic treatment recommended?

Answer 20

For bleeding or oozing skin cancers

Salvage treatment

Question 21

What are some relevant treatment methods?

Answer 21

Immunotherapy, Photodynamic therapy

Question 22

What is the radiation dose for tumors smaller than 2 cm?

Answer 22

4500 cGy.

Question 23

What is the radiation dose for tumors between 2 to 5 cm?

Answer 23

5000 cGy.

Question 24

What is the radiation dose for tumors larger than 5 cm?

Answer 24

6000 cGy.

Question 25

What is the radiation dose for lesions larger than 5 cm or with bone invasion?

Answer 25

6500 to 7500 cGy.

Question 26

What are some types of radiation injuries related to RT Tx of skin cancers?

Answer 26

Telangiectasis, hyperpigmentation, hair loss, and necrosis.

Question 27

What are warning signs of melanoma related to color?

Answer 27

Change in color: red, white, or blue areas in addition to black and tan.

Question 28

What are warning signs of melanoma related to surface changes?

Answer 28

Change in surface: scaly, flaky, bleeding, or oozing moles or a sore that does not heal.

Question 29

What are warning signs of melanoma related to texture?

Answer 29

Change in texture: hard, lumpy, or elevated moles.

Question 30

What are warning signs of melanoma related to surrounding skin?

Answer 30

Change in surrounding skin: spread of pigmentation, swelling, or redness to surrounding skin.

Question 31

What are warning signs of melanoma related to sensation?

Answer 31

Change in sensation: unusual pain or tenderness in a mole.

Question 32

What are warning signs of melanoma related to previously normal skin?

Answer 32

Change in previously normal skin: pigmented areas that arise in previously normal skin.

Question 33

What is the trend in melanoma incidence?

Answer 33

Incidence is increasing.

Question 34

What percentage of all skin cancers does melanoma represent?

Answer 34

Only 3% of all skin cancers.

Question 35

How deadly is melanoma compared to other skin cancers?

Answer 35

Most deadly skin cancer.

Question 36

What are some etiological factors for melanoma?

Answer 36

Sun exposure, family history, UVB, immunosuppression, artificially produced UVA, age, moles, gender, genetics, xeroderma pigmentosum, hair color, history of melanomas, complexion.

Question 37

What are the types of melanoma?

Answer 37

Superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma.

Question 38

What is a typical growth pattern of melanoma?

Answer 38

Rapid vertical growth is typical.

Question 39

How does tumor depth affect melanoma risk?

Answer 39

The risk of nodal or metastatic involvement increases with increased tumor depth.

Question 40

What staging system is used for melanoma?

Answer 40

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)-TNM staging system is used.

Question 41

What are the two measurement methods for melanoma staging?

Answer 41

Clark's and Breslow measurement are the two methods.

Question 42

What are the treatment options for melanoma?

Answer 42

Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Amputation ## Footnote Includes simple excision, re-excision, Mohs' surgery, and hypofractionation.

Question 43

What is Mohs' surgery?

Answer 43

A surgical technique used to treat skin cancer, including melanoma.

Question 44

What is hypofractionation?

Answer 44

A radiation therapy schedule that delivers higher doses of radiation in fewer sessions.

Question 45

What is the purpose of re-excision in melanoma treatment?

Answer 45

To remove any remaining cancerous tissue after the initial surgery.

Question 46

What does simple excision involve?

Answer 46

The removal of the melanoma and a margin of surrounding healthy tissue.

Question 47

What are the causes of Kaposi's sarcoma?

Answer 47

HIV/AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, immunosuppression, heredity

Question 48

What are the types of Kaposi's sarcoma?

Answer 48

Classic, African or endemic, transplantation-related or acquired, AIDS-related or epidemic

Question 49

What is a common clinical presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma?

Answer 49

Skin lesions

Question 50

Are Kaposi's sarcoma lesions typically symptomatic?

Answer 50

Lesions are typically asymptomatic.

Question 51

What other symptoms may be associated with Kaposi's sarcoma?

Answer 51

Pain and visceral involvement

Question 52

What are the methods for detecting and diagnosing Kaposi’s sarcoma?

Answer 52

Physical examination, Imaging studies, Biopsy ## Footnote Types of biopsy include punch and excisional.

Question 53

What are the sites of spread for Kaposi’s sarcoma?

Answer 53

Non-AIDS vs. AIDS determines aggressiveness ## Footnote Common sites of metastases include the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, lungs, liver, and spleen.

Question 54

What are the treatment options for Kaposi’s sarcoma?

Answer 54

Surgery, Chemotherapy (Local and Systemic), Radiation therapy

Question 55

What is the dose schedule for Kaposi’s sarcoma treatment?

Answer 55

3000 cGy in 10 fx, 800 cGy in 1 fx

Question 56

What is Merkel cell carcinoma?

Answer 56

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare tumor thought to arise from Merkel (tactile) cells.

Question 57

What are the characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma?

Answer 57

These tumors are structurally like small cell carcinomas and appear as firm, nontender, pink-red nodular lesions with an intact epidermis.

Question 58

What are the common outcomes after surgical excision of Merkel cell carcinoma?

Answer 58

High rates of recurrence after surgical excision, frequent involvement of regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis that can lead to death.

Question 59

How are Merkel cell carcinomas typically treated?

Answer 59

These types of cancers are often treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy or surgery.

Question 60

What complexion is at highest risk for Basal Cell Carcinoma and why?

Answer 60

People with fair skin are at a higher risk for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) due to lower melanin levels, making their skin more susceptible to UV damage. Fair skin, especially with characteristics like easily burning, frequent freckling, blond or red hair, and blue or green eyes, is a major risk factor for BCC. While anyone can develop BCC, those with fair skin and a history of sun exposure are at the highest risk.