powerpoint 2

Question 1

traits of phylum chordata

Answer 1

• notochord
• hollow dorsal nerve chord
• endostyle/thyroid
• pharyngeal slits
• post nasal tail

Question 2

differences bw echinodermata and chordata

Answer 2

use both creatine and argenine; both are derived

Question 3

what is blood made of?

Answer 3

• 45% cells
• 55% plasma and plasma/serum proteins
• albumins (help lipids dissolve)
• globulins
• fibrinogen

Question 4

chordata and echinodermata shared traits

Answer 4

BOTH CALLED DEUTEROSTOMES
- primitive chordates have larval form
- similar to that of an echinoderm

Question 5

what are mollusks, annelids, and arthropods called

Answer 5

protostomes

Question 6

traits of deuterostomes

Answer 6

“second dent”
second dent is mouth, first dent is anus
radial and indeterminate cell division
mesoderm pinches off of endoderm

Question 7

traits of protostomes

Answer 7

“first dent”
first dent is mouth, second dent is anus
spiral and determinate cell division
differentiates on its own

Question 8

what does indeterminate mean

Answer 8

if the 2 cell stage of an embryo is disrupted then the two cells can develop independently
- our early embryonic cells are omnipotent

Question 9

formation of dents in embryos

Answer 9

zygote > blastula > blastopore > gastrolation > mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

Question 10

why do we assume this all happened in the ocean?

Answer 10

• echinoderms, protochordates, hagfishes, cambrian and ordovician vertebrate fossils are marine
• they’re isotonic to seawater
• the MORE DERIVED verts are freshwater

Question 11

what distinguishes kingdom animalia

Answer 11

• multicellular
• heterotrophic
• lack a cell wall

Question 12

what is a notochord

Answer 12

a longitudinal solid cylinder of cartilage

Question 13

what are pharnygeal slits

Answer 13

“grand central station” of head; can be gills, either temporary (us) or permanent (fish)

Question 14

what are the burgess shale fossils

Answer 14

ATDABANIAN FAUNA
we found the first chordate PIKAIA GRACILENS there; fine particle sediments preserve soft bodied chordate

Question 15

hemichordata?

Answer 15

we struggle with continuums and transitional forms

Question 16

what are the three SUBPHYLA of chordata

Answer 16

urochordata
cephalochordata
vertebrata

Question 17

what is an intermediate species bw nonchordates and chordates

Answer 17

acorn worms

Question 18

urochordata examples and traits

Answer 18

sea squirts, thaliacea, and larvacea
- paedomorphosis

Question 19

cephalochordata examples and traits

Answer 19

myomeres
- blood, but no blood cells
- oxygen can easily diffuse through tissue simply
- live like clams

Question 20

what sets vertebrata apart from the other subphyla

Answer 20

kidneys
lateral line system (acousticolateralis system= combined hearing and lat line)
W shaped myomeres
1 or more semicircular canals
cranium
neural crest cells

Question 21

why is vertebrata misnamed

Answer 21

because having vertebrae is not a synapomorphy

Question 22

what were the first vertebrates

Answer 22

conodonts
- paleoindicators; based on where they are found they can indicate how old the rest of the area is

Question 23

what is our classification:

Answer 23

kingdom: animalia
phylum: chordata
subphylum: vertebrata
superclass: gnathostomata

Question 24

what distinbuishes agnatha, what are the three classes?

Answer 24

“non-gnathostomes” aka jawless fish
- myxinoidea
- pteraspida
- myopterygii

Question 25

myxinoidea

Answer 25

hagfishes - can expel slime and fibrous THREAD CELLS - lateral line on head only - lay eggs, hatch juveniles

Question 26

pteraspida T

Answer 26

shielded/wing/fins - not important lol

Question 27

how to distinguish idae and formes

Answer 27

idae is family; -formes is a living fish class

Question 27

two orders of myopterygii

Answer 27

Thelodonti - had a stomach; developed beginnings of intestines - jawless fish w stomach Anaspida - LAMPREYSSSSSSS - single median nostril - oblique gills - circular gills

Question 28

difference between taxonomy and phylogeny

Answer 28

taxonomy is classification (putting into boxes) phylogeny focuses on evolutionary relationships *** in combination the science is systematics

Question 29

petromyzontiformes

Answer 29

lampreys! - 6th sense (full lat line) - can do osmoregulation - electroregulation - large eyes w extrinsic muscles

Question 30

okay so explain agnathan phylogeny?

Answer 30

- bone is ANCESTRAL - bony fish is a reversal (bones help w osmoregulation) - increasing O2 made bone easier to form

Question 31

yeah and what about gnathostomatan phylogeny?

Answer 31

- jaws - teeth - two pairs of appendages - SPECIES EXPLOSION POOKIES - happened 450 mil years ago - lampreys and sharks

Question 32

what are synapomorphies for gnathostomata:

Answer 32

- 3 ss canals - real vertebrae - intrinsic eye muscles

Question 33

hypotheses for jaws

Answer 33

1: top cervical vertebra came forward to form upper and lower jaw 2: or it was part of the cranium that came down and BAM

Question 34

holostylic vs amphistylic

Answer 34

just one thing vs separate jaw and cranium

Question 35

hypothesis for teeth:

Answer 35

sharks: placoid scales = dermal denticles - scales are ancestral, teeth are acquired

Question 36

pitch is _____ while yaw is _______

Answer 36

vertical, horizontal

Question 37

2 pairs of fins is __________ while many pairs is ________

Answer 37

ancestral, derived